练习1：
We got up early this morning and __1__ a long walk after breakfast. We walked through the business section of the city. I told you yesterday that the city was larger__2__ I thought it would be. __3__ the business section is smaller than I thought it would be. I suppose that's__4__ Washington is a special kind of city. __5__the people in Washington work for the government. A bout 9:30 we went to the White House. It's__6__ to the public from 10 till12, and there was a long line of people waiting to get in. We didn't have to wait very long, because the line moved __7__quickly.
The White House is really white. It is painted every year. And it seems very white, because it's got beautiful lawns all around it, ____8____many trees and shrubs. The grounds__9__ about four square blocks. I mean, they're about two blocks long__10__ each side. Of course, we didn't see the whole building. The part__11__the President lives and works is not open to the public. But the part we saw was beautiful. We went through five of the main rooms. One of them was the library, on the ground floor. On the next floor, there are three rooms named__12__ the colors that are used in them: the Red Room, the Blue Room, and the Green Room. The walls are covered with silk__13__. There are__14__ old furniture, from the time__15__ the White House was first built. And everywhere there are paintings and statues of former presidents and other famous people from history.
1. A) made B) did C)took D) got
2. A) than B) as C) so D) like
3. A) But B) Yes C) So D) Then
4. A) since B) as C) because D) because of
5. A) Much of B) Most of C) A lot D) Lots
6. A) open B) opening C) being opened D) opened
7. A) pretty B) little C) much D) very much
8. A) / B) having C) with D) together
9. A) include B) cost C) cover D) spread
10. A) by B) on C) for D) with
11. A) which B) what C) that D) where
12. A) by B) for C) after D) before
13. A) cloth B) clothes C) clothing D) cloths
14. A) Much pieces of B) many pieces of C) many a D) a great many
15. A) that B) which C) who D) when
key: CAACB AACCB DCABD
练习2：
In a purely competitive market, the supplier of goods and services has no control over the market price, because he produces too little to influence market conditions. With no difference between his products and the products __1__ his competitors, he will sell nothing if he charges above the market price and he will sell all if he charges at or __2__ the market price. However, in considering the price, he must take cost of production __3__. There are times when he may be willing to sell below his cost. This might happen when prices tumble for __4__ a short time. However, no business person can __5__ lose money for a prolonged period. He must __6__ of his costs in relation to the market price if he is to compete successfully and earn a profit.
Many people have the impression that as production increases, costs per unit decrease. __7__ mass production has made this true in certain industries and at certain levels of production, __8__ logic and practical experience have shown that costs per unit begin to rise beyond a certain level of production. Some economists __9__ this principle as the law of increasing costs.
The reason __10__ rise as production goes up is complex. However, it is easy to recognize that as production goes up, the need for additional factors of production will also grow, resulting __11__ competitive bidding in the marketplace for the factors of production. If a producer needs __12__ skilled labor to produce more, and none of this labor is unemployed, the producer will have to get __13__ from other sources. This can be done by __14__ higher wages. Higher bidding would also apply to the other factors of production. We must also recognize that not all labor is equally productive, __15__ not all land is equally fertile and not all ore is equally rich in the mineral wanted.
1. A) to B) at C) of D) on
2. A) below B) beneath C) over D) above
3. A) to consider B) into consideration C) to consideration D) in consideration
4. A) he believes will be B) what he believes be C) what he believes will be D) he believes to be
5. A) afford to B) be affordable C) be afforded to D) have afforded
6. A) constantly aware B) constantly knowledgeable of C) be constantly aware of D) constantly aware of
7. A) Because B) Since C) When D) While
8. A) both B) as well as C) also D) but
9. A) refer B) refer to C) call D) are referred to
10. A) cost B) the cost C) the costs D) costs
11. A) from B) in C) \ D) for
12. A) less B) numerous C) more D) many
13. A) them B) these C) it D) those
14. A) offering B) cutting C) reducing D) having
15. A) as just B) just as C) because D) while
KEYS: CABCA CDABD BCCAB
练习3：
Importance of the Public Image
Public image refers to how a company is viewed by is customers, suppliers, and stockholders, by the financial community, by the communities in which it operates, and by federal and local governments. Public image is controllable ____(1)____, just as the product, price, place, and promotional efforts are.
A firm’s public image ____(2)____ a vital role in the attractiveness of the firm and its products to employees, customers, ____(3)____ to such outsiders as stockholders, suppliers, creditors, government officials, as well as diverse special groups. With some things it is ____(4)____ to satisfy all the diverse publics: for example, a new highly automated plant may meet the approval of creditors and stockholders, but ____(5)____ will undoubtedly find resistance from employees who see their ____(6)____ threatened. On the other hand, high-quality products and service standards should bring almost complete approval, ____(7)____ low quality products and false claims would be widely looked down upon.
A firm’s public image, ____(8)____ it is good, should be treasured and protected. It is a valuable asset ____(9)____ usually is built up over a long and satisfying relationship of a firm with is publics. If a firm has ____(10)____ a quality image, this is not easily countered or imitated by competitors. ___(11)___ an image may enable a firm to charge higher prices, to woo the best distributors and dealers, to attract the best employees, to expect ____(12)____ favorable creditor relationships and lowest borrowing costs. It should also allow the firm’s stock to command a higher price-earnings ratio than other firms in the same industry ____(13)____ such a good reputation and public image.
A number of factors affect the public image of a corporation. ____(14)____ include physical facilities, contacts of outsiders with company employees, product quality and dependability, prices ____(15)____ competitors, customer service, the kind of advertising and the media and programs used, and the use of public relations and publicity.
1. A) at considerable extent
B) to considerable extent
C) to considerate extent
D) at considerate extent
2. A) establishes
B) plays
C) makes
D) obtains
3. A) but
B) however
C) and
D) as
4.A) possible
B) easy
C) not impossible
D) impossible
5.A) they
B) some
C) it
D) we
6.A) plant
B) jobs
C) machines
D) themselves
7.A) while
B) when
C) as
D) and
8.A) that
B) if
C) which
D) /
9.A) that
B) who
C) whose
D) of which
10.A) been
B) developed
C) found
D) learned
11.A) With
B) Such
C) Like
D) /
12.A) a more
B) more
C) most
D) the most
13.A) with
B) without
C) in
D) of
14.A) They
B) It
C) Some
D) Most
15.A) related to
B) connected with
C) relative to
D) related with
KEY:BBCDC BABAB BDBAC
练习4：
Let's Have a Little Cooperation Please
Cia Andina do Triconos (CATSA), a Bolivian joint venture of the U.S. Dresser Industries and local investors, which and based its investment _____(1)_____ an allocation under the metalworking program, closed its doors after _____(2)____ to penetrate the Andean market after more than two years in operation.
The prospect of _____(3)_____ access to the Andean market, plus protection provided by a 55 percent "ad valorem" common outer tariff on bits sourced from outside the bloc, made the sales outlook seem _____(4)_____.
However, CATSA's "monopoly" position in Ancom proved specious. _____(5)_____ the plant went on stream in 1974, the company was never able to export a single drill bit to the Andean market; and its local sales were _____(6)_____ a state-owned petroleum company. This market was clearly _____(7)_____, since the operation had been based on exporting the bulk of the plant's 200-unit-per-month capacity to the Andean area.
CATSA could not penetrate the Ancom market for several reasons:
Although Ancom _____(8)_____ a 55-percent common outer tariff on third-country imports, some Ancom countries had previously _____(9)_____ LAFTA (Latin American Free Trade Association) tariff concessions, which take precedence over the Ancom tariffs.
Ancom members simply did not _____(10)_____ the spirit of the metalworking agreement. After the installation of the CATSA facility, plants producing tricone bits _____(11)_____ in Peru and Venezuela. Under the metalworking program, participating _____(12)_____ were committed to prohibiting new foreign investment in allocations of other Ancom countries. But on the question of new investment by local industry, the obligation was only not to encourage it, with no requirement to prevent it. _____(13)_____ Venezuela, it has no commitment to limit local production or to honor the outer tariff, because it was not yet a member of Ancom when the metalworking agreement was signed and was thus not a _____(14)_____ to the pact.
Also, according to Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador employed _____(15)_____ obstacles to avoid applying the common outer tariff.
The withdrawal of Chile from Ancom cost Bolivia a lucrative potential market too.
1. A) in
B) to
C) under
D) on
2. A) fail B) to fail C) failing D) succeeding
3. A) no duty B) no-duty C) duty-bound D) duty-free
4. A) good B) well C) bad D) badly
5. A) So B) Although C) But D) Therefore
6. A) confined to B) confined in C) expanded to D) exported to
7. A) big enough B) sufficient C) too big D) insufficient
8. A) has got B) got C) has imposed D) has imposed on
9. A) admitted B) admitting C) granting D) granted
10. A) learn B) honor C) take D) give
11. A) are put B) are established C) were set up D) had set up
12. A) member government B) members government C) member governments D) members governments
13. A) In case of B) In the case of C) In case D) On case
14. A) party B) member C) person D) partner
15. A) a series of B) a great deal of C) a large amount of D) a great number
KEY:DCDAB ADCDB CCBAA
练习5：
People Express
People Express, founded in April 1981, grew rapidly on the basis of low fares and no-frills service. It soon became a leading airline and __1__ changed the industry as firms constantly engaged in price wars to lure passengers. Then, People Express’ bubble __2__ because it overexpanded, consumer complaints mounted and other airlines matched its fares on popular routes. In 1986, People Express __3__ hundreds of millions of dollars and was forced to sell out to Texas Air, the owner of Continental and Eastern Airlines.
In early 1987, Texas Air __4__ People Express into its Continental division and industry observers believed __5__ the costly fare wars would be ended. They could not have been more wrong. To stimulate business for its __6__ continental Airlines, Texas Air instituted a new low fare category __7__ MaxSaver. The fare offered prices that were up to 40 per cent lower than "supersaver" rates offered __8__ all airlines. For example, the round-trip MaxSaver fare from New York to Houston was $70. The MaxSaver fares were immediately matched by all major airlines, __9__ feared losing business.
While MaxSaver rates were low, they also had restrictions. Tickets could not be __10__ or flight times modified after purchase. Passengers would have to stay over either a Saturday or Sunday. Reservations had to be made at least two days __11__, and there were limited seats available.
Three weeks after MaxSaver rates were __12__, American Airlines announced plans to raise its discount fares and require 30-day __13__ purchasing for its lowest fares. It felt it could not continue at the rates in effect. However, just 10 days __14__, Ameriacn Airlines had to revise its plan. Texas Air refused to abandon the MaxSaver fare; it even extended the program into the busy summer season. Competitors went along and the price war raged on, __15__ an executive’s comment that "nobody’s cost structure can survive MaxSavers."
1. A) little
B) slowly
C) quick
D) radically
2. A) burst
B) explode
C) opened
D) disappeared
3. A) gained
B) made
C) lost
D) disappeared
4. A) emerged
B) merged
C) has combined
D) mixed
5. A) what
B) which
C) where
D) that
6. A) expand
B) to extend
C) expanded
D) extended
7. A) called
B) calling
C)to call
D) calling on
8. A) to
B) for
C) with
D) by
9. A) what
B) that
C) which
D) this
10. A) put off
B) canceling
C) destroyed
D) canceled
11. A) before
B) in advance
C) ahead of
D) later
12. A) introduced
B) brought in
C) taken in
D) adapted
13. A) advanced
B) before
C) ahead
D) prior to
14. A) lately
B) later
C) late
D) latter
15. A) despite of
B) despite
C) in spite
D) although
KEY: DACBD CADCD BAABB
练习6：
An Absent-minded Professor
Professor Smith lived alone. He was very absent-minded. He used to __1__ the university to give a lecture and find that he had forgotten to bring his notes. Or
he __2__ lose his spectacles and be unable to see the __3__. He could never find any chalk to __4__ with, and he
often forgot the time and would ramble __5__ for hours because he had __6__ his watch at home. But themos
t __7__ thing of all about him was his __8__. His overcoat was rarely __9__, as most of the buttons were __10__.
His shoes were usually untied because he had lost the laces. He __11__ his comb as well because his hair was always
standing __12__, that is unless he was __13__ his battered old hat with the brim missing. His trousers were
__14__ by an old tie instead of a belt. He was a chain smoker. He would smoke __15__ in class. Cigarette ash
was liberally scattered over his waistcoat.
1. A) arrive in B) arrive at C) arrive D) arriving
2. A) was used to B) was accustomed to C) could D) would
3. A) blackboard B) floor C) door D) window
4. A) teach B) deliver C) write D) address
5. A) of B) at C) in D) on
6. A) put B) placed C) left D) forgotten
7. A) exciting B) amazing C) attractive D) delightful
8. A) appearance B) act C) behavior D) conduct
9. A) tied B) fastened C) ironed D) patched
10. A) losing B) falling C) missing D) hanging
11. A) has lost B) loses C) must have lost D) must lose
12. A) on end B) up C) aside D) back
13. A) putting on B) wearing on C) wearing D) having
14. A) rounded up B) stuck together C) put together D) held up
15. A) even B) frequently C) constantly D) continuously
Keys: BDACD CBABC CACDA
练习7：
Highways in the United States
The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time. __1__ these wide modern roads are generally __2__ and well maintained, with few sharp curves and __3__ straight sections, a direct route is not always the most __4__ one. Large highways often pass __5__ scenic areas and interesting small towns. Furthermore, these highways generally __6__ large urban centers which means that they become crowded with __7__ traffic during rush hours, __8__ the "fast, direct" way becomes a very slow route. However, there is almost always another route to __9__ if you are not in a hurry. Not for from the relatively new "superhighways", there are often older, __10__ heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside. __11__ are good lane roads; others are uneven roads curving __12__ the country. These secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along hilly cliffs or down frightening hillsides to towns __13__ in deep valleys. Though these are less __14__ routes, longer and slower, they generally go to places __15__ the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a chance to get a fresh, clean view of the world.
1. A) Although B) But C) Since D) Because
2. A) uneven B) bumpy C) rough D) smooth
3. A) little B) much C) many D) few
4. A) terrible B) horrible C) tolerable D) enjoyable
5. A) to B) into C) at D) by
6. A) merge B) connect C) combine D) mix
7. A) busy B) small C) large D) heavy
8. A) when B) where C) which D) that
9. A) walk B) go C) take D) fix
10. A) more B) less C) very D) extremely
11. A) All of these B) None of these C) All roads D) Some of these
12. A) out of B) out C) through D) from
13. A) lying B) lie C) lies D) lay
14. A) direct B) indirect C) enjoyable D) beautiful
15. A) these B) which C) that D) where
Keys: ADCDD BDACB DCAAD
练习8：
A Biological Clock
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells __1__ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2__ when to leave the protective cocoon and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.
Events outside the plant and animal __3__ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4__ the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5__ of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.
Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6__ twice each year. Birds __7__ from flying become restless when it is time for the trip, __8__ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.
Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9__ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10__ to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11__ tell a person when to __12__, when to sleep and when to seek food. Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.
Dr. Moorhead is studying __13__ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. __14__ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15__ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory's production.
1. A) scientists B) humans C) plants D) animals
2. A) insects B) birds C) fish D) snakes
3. A) effect B) affect C) effected D) affected
4. A) because B) for the reason that C) because of D) since
5. A) months B) days C) minutes D) weeks
6. A) flight B) fly C) movement D) transportation
7. A) prevented from B) ordered by C) helped by D) intruded on
8. A) and B) but C) therefore D) however
9. A) portions B) parts C) sections D kinds
10. A) try B) tries C) seem D) seems
11. A) things B) parts C) cells D) actions
12. A) awaken B) wake C) awake D) wake-up
13. A) how B) why C) where D) what
14. A) We B) It C) They D) You
15. A) so B) with C) such D) if
KEYS: CABCB AABBD CAABC
练习9：
Up until about 100 years ago, newspapers in the United States appealed only to the most serious readers. They used __1__ illustrations and the articles were about politics or business.
Two men changed that - Joseph Pulitzer __2__ the New York World and William Randolph Hearst of the New York Journal. Pulitzer bought the New York World __3__ 1883. He changed it from a traditional newspaper into a very__4__ one overnight. He added __5__ illustrations and cartoons. And he told his reporters to write articles on __6__ crime or scandal they could find. And they did. One of them even pretended she was crazy and then she __7__ to a mental hospital. She then wrote a series of articles about the poor treatment of __8__ in those hospitals.
In 1895, Hearst came to New York from __9__ California. He wanted the Journal to be more sensational and more exciting __10__ the world. He also wanted it to be __11__, so he reduced the price by a penny. Hearst attracted attention because his headlines were bigger than__12__. He often said, "Big print makes big news."
Pulitzer and Hearst did anything they __13__ to sell newspapers. For example, Hearst sent Frederic Remington, the famous illustrator, __14__ pictures of the Spanish-American War. When he got there, he told Hearst that no fighting was__15__. Hearst answered, "You furnish the pictures. I'll furnish the war."
EXERCISE:
1. A) no B) many C) a lot D) little
2. A) on B) for C) in D)of
3. A) on B) in C) at D) about
4. A) excite B) excitingly C)exciting D) excited
5. A) a lot B) few C) a few D) lots of
6. A) every B) all C) both D) many
7. A) admitted B) was admitted C) could admit D) has admitted
8. A) patients B) patience C) patient D) patiences
9. A) an B) the C) a D) /
10. A) than B) as C) in D) for
11. A) cheap B) cheaper C) cheapest D) the cheapest
12. A) anyone B) anyone's C) anyone else D) anyone else's
13. A) may B) might C) can D) could
14. A) draw B) drew C) to dray D) drawn
15. A) going B) going out C) going on D) going off
Key: ADBCDABADABDDCC
练习10：
Shopping for Clothes
Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in __1__. He knows what he wants, and his __2__ is to find it and buy it. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone’s __3__.
For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants. In that __4__ the salesman tries to sell the customer something else - he offers the nearest to the article required. Good salesman brings out such a substitute with __5__: "I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size. It __6__ to be the colour you mentioned." Few men have __7__ with this treatment, and the usual response is: "This is the right colour and may be the right size, but I should be __8__ my time and yours by trying it on."
For a woman, buying clothes is always done in the __9__ way. Her shopping is not often __10__ on need. She has never fully decided what she wants, and she is only "having a look round". She is always open to persuasion, willing to try __11__ any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that __12__ thinks suits her. Most women have an excellent sense of value and are always on the look-out for the unexpected __13__. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman nay easily spend an hour going from one rail to another __14__ selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a tiresome process, but apparently a(n) __15__one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.
EXERCISE:
1. A) detail B) advance C) hurry D) full
2. A) objective B) need C) dream D) reason
3. A) sadness B) amusement C) surprise D) satisfaction
4. A) time B) event C) case D) situation
5. A) care B) skill C) attention D) interest
6. A) happens B) is C) changes D) comes
7. A) experience B) is C) interest D) patience
8. A) losing B) wasting C) spending D) giving
9. A) same B) similar C) opposite D) clever
10. A) relied B) done C) related D) based
11. A) on B) with C) by D) people
12. A) nobody B) someone C) surprise D) everyone
13. A) deal B) bargain C) surprise D) people
14. A) before B) after C) as D) by
15. A) exhausting B) boring C) enjoyable D) graceful
Key: BADCBADBCDADBAC
练习11：
The central problem of economics is to satisfy the people's and nation's wants.
The problem we are faced with is that our resources, here identified as money, are __1__. The only way we can resolve our problem is to make choices. After looking at our resources, we must examine our list of __2__ and identify the things we need immediately, those we can postpone, and __3__ we cannot afford. As individuals, we face the central problem involved in economics-deciding just how to allocate our limited our limited resources to provide __4__ with the greatest satisfaction of our wants.
Nations face the same problem. As a country's population ___5__, the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. Resources necessary to production may increase, but there __6__ are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation. Whether the budget meeting is taking place in the family living room, in the conference room of the corporation __7__ of directors, or in the chamber of the House of Representatives in Washington, the basic problem still exists. We need to find __8__ of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.
A short time ago economists divided goods into two categories, free and economic. The former, like air and water, were in __9__ abundance that economists had no concern for them. After all, economics is the __10__ of scarcity and what to do about it. Today many of these "free goods" are __11__ very expensive to use. Pollution has made clean air and water expensive for producers' extra costs, and __12__ taxpayers who pay for the government's involvement in cleaning the environment.
In the 1990s, almost all goods are __13__. Only by effort and money __14__ obtained in the form people wish.
Meeting needs of people and the demands from resource available __15__ the basic activity of production. In trying to meet unlimited wants from limited economic goods, production leads to new problems in economics.
EXERCISE:
1. A) limited B) unlimited C) scarcity D) abundant
2. A) want B) problem C) wants D) resources
3. A) those B) some C) others D) many
4. A) them B) themselves C) ourselves D) ours
5. A) expand B) extends C) grows D) increase
6. A) always B) sometimes C) often D) never
7. A) management B) function C) board D) group
8. A) people B) economists C ) way D) methods
9. A) so B) great C) such D) such an
10. A) form B) study C) means D) source
11. A) practically B) in practice C)in reality D) practicably
12. A) the B) / C) for D) with
13. A) plentiful B) scarce C) abundant D) in full supply
14. A) they can be B) can they be C) they must be D) must they be
15. A) are led to B) leads C) lead to D) leads to
KEY:
A C A C C D C D C B C C B B D
练习12：
Newspaper Reports
There are many type of reports. A report is simply __1__ of something that has happened. The commonest are __2__. We get them in newspapers, over radio and __3__ television. Sometimes cinemas also show us newsreels.
The main purpose of a newspaper __4__ provide news. If you __5__ a newspaper closely, you will find that there are all types of news: accidents, floods, fires, wars, sports, books, etc. The news __6__ everything that happens to people and their surroundings. Sometimes there are news items which are very __7__.
The big __8__ bold words above the news items are called headlines. Their purpose is to __9__ attention so that people will buy the newspaper because they want to read __10__ of the news.
A news report is usually very short, __11__ when it is about something very important, but it __12__ a lot of information. It is also written in short paragraphs. The first paragraph is in __13__ a summary of the news item. It gives all the necessary information: what, when, where, how, why. The other paragraphs give __14__ of the subject. There may also be interviews __15__ people. The words actually spoken by them are within inverted commas.
Often there are photographs to go with the news to make it more interesting.
1. A) a count B) an account C) an accident D) an incident
2. A) news reports B) new reports C) news report D) new report
3. A) over B) by C) on D) through
4. A) is to B) is C) is to have D) is to be
5. A) examine B) watch C) look D) see
6. A) concludes B) covers C) conclude D) cover
7. A) amuse B) amused C) amusing D) to amuse
8. A) or B) as well C) both D) also
9. A) give B) attain C) pay D) attract
10. A) the rest B) rest C) other D) the other
11. A) besides B) apart from C) except D) except for
12. A) composes B) concludes C) confirms D) contains
13. A) details B) reply C) all D) fact
14. A) fully details B) full details C) details fully D) details full
15. A) with B) between C) to D) among
KEYS: BACAA BCADA CDDBA
练习13：
The central problem of economics is to satisfy the people's and nation's wants.
The problem we are faced with is that our resources, here identified as money, are __1__. The only way we can resolve our problem is to make choices. After looking at our resources, we must examine our list of __2__ and identify the things we need immediately, those we can postpone, and __3__ we cannot afford. As individuals, we face the central problem involved in economics-deciding just how to allocate our limited our limited resources to provide __4__ with the greatest satisfaction of our wants.
Nations face the same problem. As a country's population ___5__, the need for more goods and services grows correspondingly. Resources necessary to production may increase, but there __6__ are enough resources to satisfy the total desires of a nation. Whether the budget meeting is taking place in the family living room, in the conference room of the corporation __7__ of directors, or in the chamber of the House of Representatives in Washington, the basic problem still exists. We need to find __8__ of allocating limited resources in order to satisfy unlimited wants.
A short time ago economists divided goods into two categories, free and economic. The former, like air and water, were in __9__ abundance that economists had no concern for them. After all, economics is the __10__ of scarcity and what to do about it. Today many of these "free goods" are __11__ very expensive to use. Pollution has made clean air and water expensive for producers' extra costs, and __12__ taxpayers who pay for the government's involvement in cleaning the environment.
In the 1990s, almost all goods are __13__. Only by effort and money __14__ obtained in the form people wish.
Meeting needs of people and the demands from resource available __15__ the basic activity of production. In trying to meet unlimited wants from limited economic goods, production leads to new problems in economics.
EXERCISE:
1. A) limited B) unlimited C) scarcity D) abundant
2. A) want B) problem C) wants D) resources
3. A) those B) some C) others D) many
4. A) them B) themselves C) ourselves D) ours
5. A) expand B) extends C) grows D) increase
6. A) always B) sometimes C) often D) never
7. A) management B) function C) board D) group
8. A) people B) economists C ) way D) methods
9. A) so B) great C) such D) such an
10. A) form B) study C) means D) source
11. A) practically B) in practice C)in reality D) practicably
12. A) the B) / C) for D) with
13. A) plentiful B) scarce C) abundant D) in full supply
14. A) they can be B) can they be C) they must be D) must they be
15. A) are led to B) leads C) lead to D) leads to
KEY:
A C A C C D C D C B C C B B D
练习14：
Newspaper Reports
There are many type of reports. A report is simply __1__ of something that has happened. The commonest are __2__. We get them in newspapers, over radio and __3__ television. Sometimes cinemas also show us newsreels.
The main purpose of a newspaper __4__ provide news. If you __5__ a newspaper closely, you will find that there are all types of news: accidents, floods, fires, wars, sports, books, etc. The news __6__ everything that happens to people and their surroundings. Sometimes there are news items which are very __7__.
The big __8__ bold words above the news items are called headlines. Their purpose is to __9__ attention so that people will buy the newspaper because they want to read __10__ of the news.
A news report is usually very short, __11__ when it is about something very important, but it __12__ a lot of information. It is also written in short paragraphs. The first paragraph is in __13__ a summary of the news item. It gives all the necessary information: what, when, where, how, why. The other paragraphs give __14__ of the subject. There may also be interviews __15__ people. The words actually spoken by them are within inverted commas.
Often there are photographs to go with the news to make it more interesting.
1. A) a count B) an account C) an accident D) an incident
2. A) news reports B) new reports C) news report D) new report
3. A) over B) by C) on D) through
4. A) is to B) is C) is to have D) is to be
5. A) examine B) watch C) look D) see
6. A) concludes B) covers C) conclude D) cover
7. A) amuse B) amused C) amusing D) to amuse
8. A) or B) as well C) both D) also
9. A) give B) attain C) pay D) attract
10. A) the rest B) rest C) other D) the other
11. A) besides B) apart from C) except D) except for
12. A) composes B) concludes C) confirms D) contains
13. A) details B) reply C) all D) fact
14. A) fully details B) full details C) details fully D) details full
15. A) with B) between C) to D) among
KEYS: BACAA BCADA CDDBA
In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has been taken for granted as a means of solving differences; and this is not even questioned. There are countries ___1___ the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by __2__ fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be __3__ men, get up and calmly argue __4__ violence- --as if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you __5__ despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress __6__. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instincts remain basically unchanged. The whole of the __7__ history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never __8__ a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed and the suffering __9__ nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder __10_ hit us.
The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions __11__ are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own __12__ because they advocate such apparently outrageous things __13__ law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were __14__, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment __15__ all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution.
EXERCISE:
1. A) where B) that C) which D) who
2. A) giving B) catching C) setting D) letting
3. A) reasonable B) reasonably C) reasonless D) reason
4. A) for the sake of B) for fear of C) in case of D) in favor of
5. A) for B) with C) by D ) up
6. A) at all B) after all C) at last D) in the end
7. A) record B) recording C) recorded D) records
8. A) keeps B) deals C) answers D) solves
9. A) meant B) mean C) is meaning D) are meaning
10. A) what B) that C) / D) which
11. A) lay B) lays C) lie D) lies
12. A) kind B) way C) right D) rule
13. A) like B) so C) that D) as
14. A) put to use good B0 put to good use C0 put good to use D) good put to use
15. A) by B) at C) for D) with
KEY:A C A D B A C D B A C A D B C
练习15：
Public and Private Schools in the Unite States
Religious and private schools receive little or no support from public taxes in the Unite States, and, as a result, are usually somewhat expensive to_1_. The largest group of religious schools in America _2_ by the Roman Catholic Church. While religious schools tend to be_3_ expensive than private schools, there are usually some fees.
When there is free education available to all children in the Unite States, why do people _4_ money on private schools? Americans offer_5_ great variety of reasons for doing so, including the desire of some parents to _6_ their children to schools _7_ classes tend to be smaller, or where religious instruction is included as part of the educational program, or because, _8_ their opinion, the public schools in their area are not _9_ high enough quality to meet their needs. Private schools in the Unite States _10_ widely in size, quality, and in the kind of program that are offered to meet _11_ of certain students.
The degree _12_ American parents are active in their children's schools is often _13_ to people of other countries. Most schools have organizations _14_ of both parents and teachers, usually called P.T.A for Parent-Teacher-Association. They meet together to _15_ various matters concerning the school. Parents often give their time to help with classroom or after school activities.
1.A) go B) attend C) take part in D) enroll
2. A) were run B) run C) is run D) is running
3.A) less B) more C) rather D) much
4. A) spend B) pay C) cost D) take
5. A) a B) the C) some D) /
6 A) bring B) bringing C) send D) sending
7. A) which B) what C) in that D) where
8. A) to B) in C) on D) for
9. A) / B) in C) of D) on
10. A) differ B) varies C) extend D) differs
11. A) the needs B) the satisfaction C) needs D) need
12. A) on which B) to which C) which D) what
13. A) surprise B) surprised C) surprising D) striking
14. A) consisting B) comprising C) composing D) making up
15. A) talk to B) comment C) discuss D) exchange
key: BCAAA CDBCA ABCAC
练习16：
In the American family the husband and wife usually share important decision making. When the children are old enough, they take part__1__.
Foreigners are often surprised by the permissiveness of American parents. The old rule that "children should be seen and not heard" is rarely__2__, and children are often allowed to do what they wish without strict parental__3__. The father seldom expects his children to obey him__4__ question, and children are encouraged to be independent__5__ an early age. Some people believe that American parents carry this freedom__6__ far. Others think that a strong father image would not__7__ the American values of equality and independence. Because Americans emphasize the importance of independence, young people are expected to __8__ their parental families by the time they have__9__ their late teens or early twenties.__10__, not to do so is often regarded as a failure, a kind of weak dependence.
This pattern of independence often results in serious__11__ for the aging parents of a small family. The average American is expected to live __12__ the age of 70. The job-retirement age is __13__ 65. The children have left home, married, and __!4__ their own households. At least 20 percent of all people over 65 do not have enough retirement incomes.__15__ the major problem of many elderly couples is not economic. They feel useless and lonely with neither an occupation nor a close family group.
1.A) either B) though C) as well D) also
2.A) discussed B) followed C) seen D) heard
3. A) control B) support C) agreement D) criticism
4. A) for B) on C) without D) in
5. A) in B) at C) on D) for
6. A) too B) almost C) nearly D) quite
7. A) fit B) meet C) suit D) satisfy
8. A) break up B) break into C) break through D) break away from
9.A) reached B) come C) arrived D) D) developed
10.A) In truth B) In name C) Indeed D) In a word
11.A) questions B) problems C) matters D) affairs
12.A) on B) up C) from D) beyond
13.A) only B) usually C) sometimes D) seldom
14.A) set forth B) set aside C) set up D) set down
15.A) But B) Therefore C) In contrast D) On the other hand
key: CBACB ACDAC BDBCA
In the American family the husband and wife usually share important decision making. When the children are old enough, they take part__1__.
Foreigners are often surprised by the permissiveness of American parents. The old rule that "children should be seen and not heard" is rarely__2__, and children are often allowed to do what they wish without strict parental__3__. The father seldom expects his children to obey him__4__ question, and children are encouraged to be independent__5__ an early age. Some people believe that American parents carry this freedom__6__ far. Others think that a strong father image would not__7__ the American values of equality and independence. Because Americans emphasize the importance of independence, young people are expected to __8__ their parental families by the time they have__9__ their late teens or early twenties.__10__, not to do so is often regarded as a failure, a kind of weak dependence.
This pattern of independence often results in serious__11__ for the aging parents of a small family. The average American is expected to live __12__ the age of 70. The job-retirement age is __13__ 65. The children have left home, married, and __!4__ their own households. At least 20 percent of all people over 65 do not have enough retirement incomes.__15__ the major problem of many elderly couples is not economic. They feel useless and lonely with neither an occupation nor a close family group.
1.A) either B) though C) as well D) also
2.A) discussed B) followed C) seen D) heard
3. A) control B) support C) agreement D) criticism
4. A) for B) on C) without D) in
5. A) in B) at C) on D) for
6. A) too B) almost C) nearly D) quite
7. A) fit B) meet C) suit D) satisfy
8. A) break up B) break into C) break through D) break away from
9.A) reached B) come C) arrived D) D) developed
10.A) In truth B) In name C) Indeed D) In a word
11.A) questions B) problems C) matters D) affairs
12.A) on B) up C) from D) beyond
13.A) only B) usually C) sometimes D) seldom
14.A) set forth B) set aside C) set up D) set down
15.A) But B) Therefore C) In contrast D) On the other hand
key: CBACB ACDAC BDBCA