第二节 从L/C条款谈提单制作
实务中,信用证对提单的规定或要求也是各式各样,鉴于提单的特殊性和重要性,在缮制提单时务必慎重,具体应注意如下几个问题:
一、有关提单的发货人、收货人/通知方和签发人问题
1.提单的发货人和收货人必须符合信用证规定
提单上的发货人是指将货物办理托运的当事人,故又称托运人,一般为出口公司(即出口商或受益人),但根据《UCP500》第31条第3项规定:“除非信用证另有规定,银行将接受表明以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。”故提单的发货人可视发货实际情况而定,并非限定为受益人,但需注意不违背信用证规定。而提单的收货人是指接受货物的当事人,又称抬头人,它的填制有三种方式:其一是记名式,即指定某某人为收货人(俗称记名提单);其二是不记名式,即可由任何持有人凭单提货(俗称不记名提单);其三是指示式,即凭某某人指定提货或背书转让(俗称指示提单),这是最常用的提单。实务中,常见的涉及提单发货人和收货人的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:FULL SET OF ORIGINAL AND 2 NON-NEGOTIABLE COPIES SHIPPED ON BOARD OCEAN BILL OF LADING SHOWING BENEFICIARY AS SHIPPER TO ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID AND NOTIFY THE APPLICANT.
例⑵:2/3 ORIGINAL MARINE BILLS OF LADING, WITHOUT ON BOARD NOTATION IS ACCEPTABLE, SHOWING BENEFICIARY AS SHIPPER, MARKED "FREIGHT PREPAID", CONSIGNEE +NOTIFY: NOVI FOOTWEAR (HK) LTD. HONGKONG.
例⑶:FULL SET (3/3)OF CLEAN “ON BOARD” CRAFTS IMP. & EXP. (BEIHAI) CORP.) ON BEHALF OF INT'L ART ENT CO.,LTD, CONSIGNEE: TO THE ORDER OF FIRST COMMERCIAL BANK ,NOTIFY: OPENERS AND MARKED "FREIGHT PREPAID".
例⑷:FULL SET OF CLEAN ON BOARD BILLS OF LADING ISSUED OR ENDORSED TO OUR ORDER MARKED 《NOTIFY THE ABOVE ORDERS AND ACCOUNTEES》AND FREIGHT PREPAID.
例⑸:FULL SET OF AT LEAST THREE SIGNED ORIGINAL CLEAN "ON BOARD", MARINE BILL OF LADING MADE OUT TO ORDER OF SHIPPER AND ENDORSED TO THE ORDER OF HANG SENG BANK LTD, HONGKONG, MARKED WITH THIS CREDIT NUMBER, "FREIGHT PREPAID" AND "NOTIFY THE APPLICANT."
例⑹:FULL SET "ON BOARD" FORWARDERS B/L, MADE OUT TO APPLICANTS ORDER MARKED: "FREIGHT PREPAID" AND NOTIFY: RIBRO INTERN TRANSP, HOOGVLIET RT.
在例⑴、例⑵和例⑶中,均规定了受益人(或出口商)作为发货人(或托运人),所不同的是例⑶规定由受益人代替某外商(ON BEHALF OF XXX)作为发货人,这有利于申请人掌握提单货物的托运人情况。制单时,例⑴和例⑵可按信用证规定的受益人名称和地址填列发货人一栏,若无地址,也可仅填发货人名称,例⑶可打上括号中的出口商名称后加注代替某某公司,在背书时也应照加“ON BEHALF OF XXX”字样。而在例⑴至例⑹中,均规定了收货人,但具体各个收货人的填写方法是不同的,例⑴是空白指示式,这种方式较为普遍,可使提单自由流通转让。制单时,可在收货人一栏打上“TO ORDER”,然后由发货人在提单后面背书。例⑵是记名式,这种方式要求在提单收货人一栏直接填上“某某”为收货人(即“CONSIGNEE + NOTIFY”后所指)。例⑶和例⑷均为开证行指示式(注:例⑷中的“OUR”一词指开证行)。制单时,应首先查清开证行名称,再填上“TO ORDER OF XX(开证行)”。例⑸是发货人(托运人)指示式。制单时,可这样填列:“TO ORDER OF SHIPPER:XXX(发货人)”,然后在提单后面打上:“PLEASE DELIVER TO THE ORDER OF XXX(开证行)”,再由发货人背书。而例⑹是开证申请人指示式。制单时,应查明其名称后在收货人一栏填上“TO XXX(申请人)ORDER”再背书即可。此外,若信用证允许且提单显示由第三者发货,则需由该发货人在提单后面背书。有些来证的提单条款作成议付行抬头,需填上该议付行,再由其在议付时作背书(包括签章)。
2.提单上的被通知方和签发人需与来证要求一致
提单上的被通知方(或被通知人)是指货到目的地后,承运人将要通知其前来办理接货事宜的有关当事人,它并不一定是收货人,而往往只是收货人的代理人。被通知方一栏应严格按照信用证要求填列,如果信用证未规定被通知方,则正本提单可不填这一栏,留其空白,但提交船方的副本提单需详细列明买方名称和地址,以便船方与之联系办理有关手续。这样可以一举两得,既做到单证一致,又能满足船方需要。而提单的签发人(或出单人)是指承运货物的当事人,一般指运输公司(承运人)或其代理人(中介人)。根据《UCP500》第23条规定,提单必须注明承运人的名称,并由下列人员签字证实:①承运人或作为承运人的具名代理人或其代表或②船长或作为船长的具名代理人或代表。承运人或船长的任何签字或证实,必须表明“承运人”或“船长”的身份。代理人代表承运人或船长签字或证实时,也必须表明所代表的委托人名称和身份,即注明代理人是代表承运人或船长签字或证实的。实务中,常见的关于提单的被通知方和签发人的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:FULL SET OF CLEAN ON BOARD OCEAN BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO THE ORDER OF PUSAN BANK MARKED "FREIGHT PREPAID" AND "NOTIFY APPLICANT".
例⑵:FULL SET OF CLEAN "SHIPPED ON BOARD" NEGOTIABLE OCEAN BILLS OF LADING SHOWING FREIGHT PREPAID MADE OUT TO THE ORDER OF UTTARA BANK LTD."NOTIFING THE BANK AND IMPORTER".
例⑶:FULL SET ON BOARD MARINE BILLS OF LADING TO ORDER OF LEHMANN AGENTUR AB.MALMO.
例⑷:B/L MUST BE ISSUED BY A NAME CARRIER OR HIS AGENT , IN THE LATTER CASE THE WORDS "AS AGENT" MUST BE SHOWN WITH THE SIGNATORY.
例⑸:FULL SETS OF ORIGINAL CLEAN SHIPPED ON BOARD MARINE BILLS OF LADING ISSUED BY THE MASTER OF THE CARRYING VESSEL OR HIS AGENT TO ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED MARKED "FREIGHT PREPAID" AND NOTIFY CHINA ORIENT CORP., NY.USA.
例⑹:SHIPMENT SHOULD BE EFFECTED BY CHINA OCEAN SHIPPING AGENCY (PENAVICO) BEIHAI BRANCH OFFICE, (TEL: 3033461) ONLY.
在例⑴和例⑵中,均显示了被通知方,所不同的是,例⑴的被通知方仅为申请人,而例⑵的被通知方包括开证行和进口商(申请人),这是开证行对进口商办理结算融资时,为便于控制货权而作的规定。制单时,例⑴要将申请人的名称和地址(若有的话)打在被通知方一栏上,例⑵不仅要打上进口商(申请人)的全称,而且还要打上开证行名称。有些来证要求打上申请人的电话号码或显示两个不同地区的进口商,也应照打不误,不可遗漏。此外,要注意信用证有关提单条款中被通知方常出现的申请人(APPLICANT)一词的英文表述是多种多样的,诸如:“BUYER”、“OPENER”、“IMPORTER”、“PRINCIPAL”、“ACCOUNTEE”、“ACCREDITO-R”等词均表示申请人(或进口商),不要被其迷惑。在例⑶中没有出现被通知方,这是比较简略的提单条款,也是一些国家的开证习惯。对此,有些制单员在被通知方一栏打上申请人名称,有时开证行也接受,但有时也碰到开证行提出异议,而船公司一般要求托运人在被通知方一栏填上有关当事人,以便于理货。制单时,为稳妥起见,正本提单可不填这一栏,留其空白,但在提交船方的副本提单上需详细列明买方名称、地址,以方便船方联系办理有关手续。这样既可做到单证一致,又满足船方需要,两全其美。
在例⑷至例⑹中,分别规定了由承运人、船长或其代理或某指定运输代理人出具或签发提单。原则上谁接管和承运货物,就由谁来签发提单,以明确责任。例⑷和例⑸的规定较为常见,几乎约定俗成。制单时,若是承运人直接签发,可这样填写:“A.B.SHIPPING CO.(承运人)AS CARRIER.”,然后由其负责人签章(包括签名和盖章);若是由其代理签发,可填写:“C.D.AGENCY CO.(代理)AS AGENT FOR THE CARRIER:A.B.SHIPPING CO.(承运人)”,再由代理签章。同理,若是船长签发,则注明船长“AS MASTER”字样,再由船长签字;若是代表船长签发,则与上述代表承运人签发相同(如式样:“C.D.AGENCY CO.AS AGENT FOR/ON BEHALF OF THE MASTER:XXX(代理签字)”。例⑹因规定了具体的运输代理人承运货物,故制单时,只能由其签发提单,而不能由其它运输公司出具提单。
二、有关提单上的运输工具、航行航线/装货港及卸货港问题
1.运输工具和航行航线必须合乎信用证要求
运输工具是指承运货物的船只、车辆。对于远程运输,往往涉及第一程运输和第二程运输,即双程运输。首程(即第一程)在提单上显示为“PRE-CARRIAGE BY”,次程(即第二程)在提单上显示为“OCEAN VESSEL”,后面还带有航次“VOY.NO.”字样。假设首程船名为“YANTIAN”,次程船名为“EMPRESS SEA”,航次为“V.29E”,则制单时,依次在提单上的“PRE-CARRIAGE BY”一栏打上“YANTIAN”,而在提单上的“OCEAN VESSEL”一栏打上“EMPRESS SEA V.29E”;若首程为拖车“TRAILER”,次程为海船“AN CHUN”,航次为“V.N190”,则制单时,可合二为一,将两者在“OCEAN VESSEL”一栏打上“TRAILER/AN CHUN”,另在“VOYAGE NO.”一栏打上“V.N190”。此外,根椐《UCP500》第23条第2项规定:“如果提单载有表明‘预期船只’或类似词语,装上指名船只还必须在提单上加已装船批注以作证明,除了有装船日期还应包括货物已装船的船名,即使货物已被装上的船只是‘预期船只’”。故一旦运输船只前有“INTENDED”(预期)一词出现,则提单上必须另加注实际船名及实际装船日期。而航行航线是指货物运输的具体线路,包括陆上运输、海上运输及航空运输线路。实务中,常见的影响货物运输工具和航行航线的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:GOODS MUST BE SHIPPED IN SEA WORTHLY CONFERENCE VESSEL WHICH SHOULD BE ON APPROVED LIST OF THE LLOYDS.
例⑵:SHIPMENT MUST BE EFFECT ON UNITED ARAB SHIPPING CO'S VESSEL OR ANY OTHER VESSEL WHICH IS A MEMBER OF THE CONFERENCE.
例⑶:GOODS TO BE SHIPPED BY CONFERENCE LINE AND/OR REGULAR LINE VESSELS COVERED BY INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION CLAUSE ONLY...
例⑷:SHIPMENT TO BE EFFECTED BY COSCO LINE VESSELS ONLY AND BILLS OF LADING TO EVIDENCE COMPLIANCE.
例⑸:SHIPMENT SHOULD BE DONE BY N.Y.K. LINES OR COSCO LINES OR EVERGREEN LINES.
例⑹:SHIPMENT BY ISRAELI /SOUTH AFRICAN /TAIWAN LINER PROHIBITED.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均指定货物需由指定公司或航班的船只实施装运,如例⑴的“SEA WORT-HLY CONFERENCE VESSEL...”指适于深海运输的定期航班且为劳埃德运输协会获许的船只,例⑵要求船只为阿拉伯联合运输公司的船只或协会成员的其它船只,例⑶要求由协会航班或定期班轮装运,这是进口商出于货物运输安全及本国利益需要而提出的要求或规定。制单时,应注意满足这些要求,并在提单上作相应证明。对于例⑴,可在提单上加注“WE CERTIFY THAT GOODS HAVE BEEN SHIPPED IN SEA WORTHLY CONFE-RENCE VESSEL WHICH HAS BEEN ON APPROVED LIST OF THE LLOYDS”,其它(如例⑵和例⑶)可类推。而在例⑷至例⑹中,则规定经某特殊航线运输,或禁止经某指明航线执行运输,这也是进口商出于货物运输安全需要或受制于本国政策、法律约束而作的规定。故出口商在安排货物运输前应慎重考虑,若做不到,需及时去电修改。制单时,需根据实际情况选择适当的船只及航线。如例⑷和例⑸均可由中国远洋运输公司(COSCO)航线的船只装运货物,并在提单上这样证实:“SHIPMENT HAS BEEN EFFECTED BY COSCO LINE VESSEL ”或“SHIPMENT HAS BEEN DON-E BY COSCO”;对于例⑹只要所装货物船只的航线并非以色列、南非或台湾即可,必要时,可在提单上证实或另附函加以证实。
2.装运港和卸货港(或目的地)应与来证规定一致
装运港(或称装货港)是指将货物从发货地装上指定船只的港口,它与收货地有所不同,收货地到港口往往有一段路程需要卡车或拖车运输,而装运港则是有船只停泊的港口,可直接运送货物到国外或其它地区的港口。如收货地在北海,装运港在香港,则需先将货物用拖车运至香港,然后再用船只装运。有时收货地和装运港同在某一地区,比如广州,则提单上的收货地和装运港均可填上“GUANG-ZHOU”(广州)。而卸货港是指货物将要运抵的港口,它与目的地(或交货地)有所不同,一般情况下,承运人将货物运到卸货港即已完成运输任务,但有些来证却规定必须将货物运到买方指定的地点或仓库交付方才完事,有时卸货港和目的地同在某一地点,但有时两者却往往位于两个不同的地区,前者必须有,后者不必有,而且后者比前者要略远(即可延伸)。实务中,常见的关于货物装运港和卸货港的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:BILLS OF LADING MUST SPECIFY THE NAME OF LOADING PORT :BEIHAI AND DISCHARGING PORT :HAMBURG.
例⑵:SHIPMENT/ DESPATCH /TAKING IN CHARGE FROM:ANY CHINA PORT BY: VESSEL NOT LATER THAN: JAN.25,99 TO ROTTERDAM -NL.
例⑶:LOADING IN CHARGE: CHINESE PORT FOR TRANSPORT TO FELIXSTOWE/ LONDON.
例⑷:B/L MUST NOT INDICATE THE PLACE OF FINAL DESTINATION AS BEING DIFFERENT FROM THE PORT OF DISCHARGE.
例⑸:BILLS OF LADING MUST STATE FINAL DESTINATION OF GOODS AS SHARJAH.
例⑹:BILLS OF LADING MUST BE MARKED: "VESSEL IS NOT SCHEDULED TO CALL ON ITS CURRENT VOYAGE AT THE PORTS OF FAMAGUSTA, KYRENIA AND / OR KARAVOSTASI, THIS CLAUSE CAN BE INSERTED IN A SEPARATE CERTIFICATE AS AN APPPENDIX TO B/LADING.
在 例⑴至例⑶中,指明了装货港和卸货港,所不同的是,例⑴规定了具体的装货港和卸货港,例⑵和例⑶只笼统给出装运港为中国港口,而且例⑶的卸货港有两个(该条款俗选港条款),这是进口商为便于货物在世界繁忙港口及时卸货而作的规定。制单时,例⑴要在装货港一栏打上“BEIHAI”一词,而在卸货港一栏打上“HAMBURG”一词,例⑵和例⑶的装运港要打上实际的中国港口,如“SHANGHAI”(上海)或“HONGKONG”(香港),不可照搬“ANY CHINA PORT”或“CHINESE PORT”,例⑵的卸货港要打上“ROTTERDAM-NL”,例⑶的卸货港可根椐当时的实际情况选择其一(“FELIXSTOWE”或“LONDON”)。而在例⑷至例⑹中,对卸货港或目的地作了进一步限制,这是进口商为便于掌握货物到达的具体地点,或出于本国政治利益需要而提出的要求,对此应予以重视。制单时,例⑷的卸货港和最后目的地一栏必须显示同一名称,如“SAN FRANCISCO”(圣佛兰西斯科),例⑸需在最后目的地一栏打上“SHARJAH”这一地名,例⑹要求在提单上或另附函注明船只不停泊某些指定港口,故填列卸货港时,不可出现这些被禁止的港口,且需按要求批注这一条款,以提醒有关方面(如船公司)注意。
三、有关分批装运、转运/集装箱和唛头问题
1.分批装运和转运必须符合信用证规定
分批装运是指货物分两批或两批以上装运。分批装运的原因很多,有的是运输条件限制,一次不能装运,有的是一次备货有困难,希望分批装运,还有的是一次要货难以销售或付款有困难,要求分期分批装运。当信用证允许分批装运但未规定每次装运数量时,可一次将货物装完,但若不允许分批装运时,则不可将货物分若干次装运。根椐《UCP500》第40条规定:“对同一船只、同一航次的多次装运,即使运输单据注明不同的装运日期及表明不同的装运港口或起运地,只要运抵同一目的地,亦不作为分批装运。”而转运则指从装运港或发运地或接受监管地至卸货港或目的地的货运过程中进行转装和重装,包括从一运输工具或船只移至另一同类运输方式的运输工具或船只,或由同一种运输方式转为另一种运输方式。在港至港提单中,它是指在从装货港到卸货港的海运过程中,货物从一船卸下并再装上另一船。转运的原因主要是没有直达船驶往目的地。在海洋运输中,转运一般指转船,即从一艘船将货物卸下再装上另一艘船只继续运输。实务中,常见的制约分批装运和转运的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:SHIPMENT TO BE EFFECTED IN TWO LOTS BY SEPARATE VESSELS WITH AN INTERVAL OF MINIMUM 40 DAYS BETWEEN THE SHIPMENT UNDER FULL SEPARATE SETS OF DOCUMENTS FOR EACH LOT.
例⑵:THE FIRST DELIVERY (ABOUT 15 TONS) IS FINISHED WITH 25 DAYS AFTER THE ISSUING OF THD L/C AND THE FOLLOWING DELIVERY WILL BE FINISHED EVERY 25 DAYS.
例⑶:PARTIAL SHIPMENTS ALLOWED PER FULL REFERENCE, TRANSHIPMENTS ALLOWED VIA HONGKONG ONLY.
例⑷:IF THE GOODS ARE TRANSHIPPED, THE PORT OF TRANSHIPMENT MUST NOT BE SHOWN AS PORT OF DISCHARGE ON THE BILL OF LADING, PORT OF DISCHARGE IS FELIXSTOWE.
例⑸ :SHIPMENT FROM BEIHAI, GUANGXI TO HAMBURG TRANSIT TO CZECH REPUBLIC.
例⑹:TRANSHIPMENT VIA HONGKONG AND USE EITHER NEW ZEALAND UNIT EXPRESS OR FESCO AS SECOND CARRIER.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均允许分批装运,但不同的是,例⑴限定两批装运,且两批之间至少要相隔40天时间,例⑵规定第一次交货在开出信用证后25天内,数量约为15吨,其后各批相隔25天交货,例⑶可按全部货号分批装运,这是进口商为便于销售货物而作的统筹安排。制单时,应注意所装货物数量和时间是否合乎要求,不可多装,也不可漏装,更不可提前装运。而在例⑶至例⑹中,均表示可转运,但有所差异,例⑶和例⑸仅限于在香港转运,例⑷要求转运时,转运港和卸货港不能为同一名称(即同一港口),且限定卸货港为“FELIXSTOWE”(佛列斯顿),例⑸中“TRANSIT TO”一词意指再转运,即货物在广西北海装运至汉堡再转往“CZECH REPUBLIC”(捷克共和国),此外,例⑹还要求使用特定运输公司的船只作为第二程船。这是进口商出于货物运输安全和节省费用需要而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑶和例⑹条款,在填列装运港一栏时,可合起来表示“BEIHAI(假定起运地)W/T HONGKONG”,或“BEIHAI(同上) VIA HONGKONG”,亦可在卸货港一栏这样表示:“ANTWERP(假定卸货港)W/T HONGKONG”(均表示在香港转运),例⑷需在卸货港一栏打上“FELIXSTOWE”,例⑸除了要分别在装货港和卸货港一栏打上“BEIHAI”和“HAMBURG”外,还需在卸货港后注明“TRANSIT TO CZECH REPUBLIC”,或者在提单空白处加注条款:“SHI-PMENT FROM BEIHAI,GUANGXI TO HAMBURG TRANSIT TO CZECH REPUBLIC”。此外,当信用证禁止在某港口转运时,提单最好把实际转运港显示出来,或加注必要的证明文句,亦可由船公司另出函证明。
2.集装箱和唛头应与来证要求一致
集装箱是一种承运货物的标准容器,简称尺柜。集装箱运输是现代国际较先进和流行的运输方式之一,因其可简化原包装,使用机械化装运,加速了装卸时间和船舶的周转,并可降低运费,故大受欢迎,得以迅速发展。集装箱运输主要用于海运,亦可以货柜车运至装运港再装上指定船只。目前海运中使用最广泛的是20’和40’(英尺)集装箱。《UCP500》第23条阐明:“在集装箱运输条件下,货物自‘集装箱集散站’(CFS)或‘集装箱堆场’(C.Y.)运至最终目的地,即使其间在不同地点停留、待运,亦不视为转运”。而唛头(或称标记)是实际所装货物刷制的标志,以便于与其它货物区别。唛头的内容、形状、排列次序均应与信用证要求完全吻合,不能有丝毫偏差。若来证无唛头要求,可在提单唛头一栏打上“NO MARK”或“N/M”(无唛头),一般不宜留其空白,以防对方挑剔。实务中,常见的涉及集装箱和唛头内容的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:B/L MUST STATE THAT GOODS HAVE BEEN SHIPPED IN 1X20 FT CONTAINER.
例⑵:FULL SET OF 3/3 ORIGINAL CLEAN ON BOARD OCEAN MARINE BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO SHIPPERS ORDER AND ENDORSED IN BLANK AND MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID AND NOTIFY UNION MERCHANTS OVERSEAS LTD. LONDON, EVIDENCING SHIPMENT IN A CONTAINER STATING CONTAINER NUMBER ON LCL/FCL OR FCL/FCL TERMS.
例⑶:GOODS MUST BE SHIPPED IN 1X40 CONTAINER THROUGH SEALAND OR A.P.L. SHIPPING CO., AND BILLS OF LADING MUST EVIDENCE COMPLIANCE.
例⑷:FULL SET CLEAN ON BOARD COMBINED TRANSPORT BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO ORDER AND ENDORSED IN BLANK MARKED GOODS SHIPPED AT MINUS 18 DEGREES CENTIGRADE AND FREIGHT PAID AND NOTIFY CJ EDGECOMBE (SHIPPING) LTD.,LONDON AND HELEN INT'L LTD ALSO MARKED GOODS STOWED IN ONE FCL.
例⑸:SHIPPING MARKS: MAZA/BAHRAIN/CHINESE CASSIA/50 KG NETT.
例⑹:SHIPPING MARKS: "ALNASSAR" DJIBOUTI IN TRANSIT YEMENT C/NO.1 TO UP.
在例⑴至例⑷中,均提及集装箱装运,但例⑴和例⑶分别要求的是20尺 柜和40尺柜,例⑵和例⑷分别要求的是“LCL”(拼装)和“FCL”(整装),且例⑷是装运冷冻海产品的条款,要求在零下18度的冷柜装运,这是进口商从货物大小、性质和安全运输的角度考虑而作的安排。制单时,应根椐具体要求和实际装运情况选择适用的集装箱并作相应证明。如对于例⑴,除了要使用20尺柜装运外,还必须在提单上注明:“GOODS HAVE BEEN SHIPPED IN 1X20 FT CONTAINER”(货已装于20尺柜),其它类推。而在例⑸和例⑹中,规定了货物唛头(或标志),且例⑸的唛头包含了货名“CHINESE CASSIA”(中国桂通)和包装情况(每袋净重50公斤),例⑹的唛头则包含了卸货港“DJIBOUTI”(吉布提)和最后目的地“YEMENT”(也门)以及起讫箱数“1TO UP”(总箱数),这是进口商为便于准确辨认货物和调拔货物而提出的要求。制单时,例⑸要完全照打,不能省略,例⑹要在显示中适当变化,即将箱数序列“1TO UP”中的“UP”一词以实际装运箱数代替,如装运100箱,则打上“1TO 100”,不可机械地照搬“1TO UP”,以免引起误会或麻烦。
四、有关货物描述、计量单位/运输费用和运输代理问题
1.货物描述和计量单位必须合乎信用证要求
货物描述是对提单所装货物的详细介绍,广义地说,应包括货名、规格和包装细节。根椐《UCP500》第37条C项规定:“商业发票中货物的描述必须与信用证中的描述相符。在所有其它单据中,货物描述可使用与信用证中对货物的描述无矛盾的统称。”故提单上的货物描述可使用统称,即不必把过多细节描述出来,但需与其它单据保持一致。而计量单位则是指对货物的数量、重量(包括毛重、净重)及尺码(体积)的计算单位,如件、箱、袋、公斤、吨和立方米等。数量一般以箱或袋为单位,重量通常以公斤或吨为单位,尺码包括长、宽、高,大多以立方米为单位。实务中,常见的关于货物描述和计量单位的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:COVERING SHIPMENT OF : EITHER MEI THANG OR LONG ZHU OR LIPAO SZE BRAND OF 5,000 M/TONS PORTLAND CEMENT 525.
例⑵:PHOTOCOPY BILL OF LADING EVIDENCING SHIPMENT OF GOODS FERN PRODUCTS TO CACIQUE'S WHAREHOUSE,OH 43068, WITH INDICATED 'SHIPPER LOAD AND COUNT' STAMP.
例⑶:B/L--DECLARATION: "FOCOS DE PILAS" --NO OTHER OR ADDITIONAL WORDING ALLOWED.
例⑷:B/L SHOULD ALSO SHOW WEIGHT AND /OR MEASUREMENT.
例⑸:GROSS AND NET WEIGHT OF GOODS MUST BE MENTIONED IN INVOICES, PACKING LIST AND BILLS OF LADING.
例⑹:B/L MUST SHOW NUMBER OF PACKAGES, MEASUREMENT, NET AND GROSS WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均提及所装货物,其中例⑴和例⑵分别要求装运水泥(PORTLAND CE-MENT)和芒制品(FERN PRODUCTS),例⑶的货名是“FOCOS DE PIL-AS”(德语),这是进口商出于本国贸易习惯和海关报关需要而作的规定。制单时,应将货名简要和恰当地在提单上表示出来,例⑴可根据当时装货情况选择其一品牌(型号)的货名,如“LONG ZHU BRAND PORTLAND CEMENT 525”,例⑵可在提单货名一栏直接打上“FERN PRODUCTS”,再在下面批注“SHIPPER LOAD AND COUN-T”(托运人装载和计数)字样(注:这是在集装箱装运条件下,承运人并不知道箱内所装货物详细情况,为避免承担过多责任,往往要求在提单上如此批注),例⑶的货名仅可打上“FOCOS DE PILAS”一词,不能添加其它字眼。而在例⑷至例⑹中,则强调要显示重量、尺码和箱数等,例⑷要求显示重量和尺码,例⑸要求显示毛重和净重,例⑹要求显示包装箱数、尺码、净重和毛重,且重量要以公斤为计量单位。这是进口商和船公司为便于准确掌握货物数量和体积情况,更好地安排运输和保险而作的规定。制单时,应按具体要求和实际装运数值在提单上显示出来,如箱数“124CTN-S”,毛重“1750KGS”,尺码“31CBM”,同时,要以大写形式注明总箱数或柜数(假设采用集装箱装运),如“TOTAL SAY FORTY FEET CONTAINER ONL-Y(即总数为一个40英尺货柜),或“ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-ONE C-ARTONS ONLY”(151箱)。
2.运输费用和运输代理要与来证规定相符
运输费用(简称运费)是由托运人支付给船公司承运货物的费用,通常以运费条款形式显示,如“FREIGHT PREPAID”、“FREIGHT PAID”、“FREIGHT COL-LECT”、“FREIGHT PAYABLE AT DESTINATION”等,前两者属于“CIF”或“CFR”价格条件的运费条款,后两者则属于“FOB”价格条件的运费条款。而运输代理则指货到目的港或目的地后代表买方办理货物清关手续或其它特定事宜的接货代理人。这个代理人一般与船方或买方关系密切,且有一定实力办理卸货进仓或转运它处。实务中,常见的涉及运输费用和收货代理情况的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:COMPLETE SET OF CLEAN ON-BOARD MARINE BILLS OF LADING CONSIGN TO ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED MARKED "FREIGHT PAID" AND NOTIFY APPLICANT.
例⑵:FULL SET OF "CLEAN ON BOARD" BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO THE ORDER OF OURSELVES MARKED "FREIGHT PAYABLE AT DESTINATION " AND NOTIFY BUYER AND OURSELVES QUOTING OUR CREDIT NUMBER.
例⑶:FULL SET OF CLEAN ON BOARD OCEAN BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO THE ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED MARKED "FREIGHT COLLECT " AND NOTIFY BLANK AND TO SHOW NUMBERS OF BAGS, NET WEIGHT AND GROSS WEIGHT.
例⑷:FULL SET OF THREE CLEAN ON BOARD OCEAN BILLS OF LADING AND TWO NON-NEGOTIABLE COPIES MADE OUT TO ORDER OF BANGKOK BANK PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED, BANGKOK MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID AND NOTIFY APPLICANT AND INDICATING THIS L/C NUMBER AND NAME OF SHIPPING AGENT IN BANGKOK.
例⑸:BILL OF LADING MUST STATE THE NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE SHIPPING COMPANY AGENT OR HIS REPRESENLATIVE IN IMPORTER'S COUNTRY.
例⑹:FULL SET OF CLEAN "SHIPPED ON BOARD" OCEAN BILLS OF LADING, DRAWN OR ENDORSED TO THE ORDER OF UNITED BANK LIMITED, DUBAI, U.A.E. SHOWING FREIGHT PREPAID AND MARKED NOTIFY OPENERS AND US GIVING FULL NAME AND ADDRESS AND MUST BEAR NAME AND ADDRESS OF CARRYING VESSEL'S AGENTS AT DESTINATION.
在例⑴至例⑷中,分别出现了四个不同名称的运费条款,其中例⑴是“FREIGHT PAI-D” (运费已付),例⑵是“FREIGHT PAYABLE AT DESTINATION” (运费可在目的地支付),例⑶是“FREIGHT COLLECT”(运费待收),例⑷是“FR-ERGHT PREPAID”(运费预付)。这是进出口商双方事先根据贸易条款(或价格条款)商定的运费条款,尽管例⑴和例⑷的运费条款含义相同,例⑵和例⑶的运费条款近似,但在制单时,应按照各个条款的具体要求如实填列,不可张冠李戴,或任意调换,如对于例⑴可在提单运费一栏打上“FREIGHT PAID”,其它类推。在例⑷至例⑹中,均要求指出船公司在目的地的代理或代表,这是买方(进口商)为便于及时卸货或办理转运、销售而作的规定。制单时,应按要求在提单上的适当位置标明各个运输代理人名称及地址(如:“DELIVERY AGENT:A.B.FREI-GHT FORWARDING...TEL....,FAX....”)。
五、有关装船标记、签单日期/签发份数、证明内容及其它问题
1.装船标记和签单日期必须符合信用证规定
装船标记是指货物已装上指定船只,这是货物交接、运输中至关重要的一步,往往据此判断货物是否正式交付买方以及买卖双方承担责任和义务的分界线,故不可掉以轻心。而签单日期是指承运人或其代理签发提单的日期,这表示船方已在该日期收到托运人交来的货物,并准备将其运往指定目的地交与买方或其指定代理人。签单日期通常辅以签发地点(即承运人所在地或接管货物而签发提单的地点),以进一步证明其真实性及确切地点。根据《UCP500》第23条阐述:“提单上预先印就‘已装船’文字则表示已装船,签单日期就是装船日期和装运日期;如果提单上印就文句是‘收妥待运’,则装上指名船只后,应由‘已装船’和装船日期的批注来证明,该装船日期就视为装运日期”。实务中,常见的涉及装船标记和签单日期的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:ON BOARD NOTATION ON BILL OF LADING MUST BE SIGNED OR INITIALLED BY THE CARRIER OR HIS AGENT.
例⑵:IF AN ON BOARD NOTATION HAS BEEN ADDEN TO THE BILL OF LADING THEN THIS MUST BE DATED AND SIGNED BY A FULL SIGNATORY OF THE CARRIER/ MASTER OR NAMED AGENT ON BEHALF OF THE CARRIER/ MASTER TOGETHER WITH THE APPROPRICATE STAMP.
例⑶:IN CASE THAT LOADING ON BOARD OR SHIPMENT ON A VESSEL IS EVIDENCED BY A NOTATION OF LOADING ON BOARD ON THE B/L, SUCH NOTATION OF LOADING ON BOARD MUST BE SIGNED OR INITIALLED AND DATED BY THE CARRIER OR HIS AGENT.
例⑷:FULL SET CLEAN 'ON BOARD' OR 'SHIPPED' NEGOTIABLE MARINE BILLS OF LADING TO ORDER BLANK ENDORSED MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID, SHIPMENT/ FORWARDING LATEST: 31.05.99 FROM ANY CHINESE PORT PER: VESSEL ON CIF ANTWERP TERMS.
例⑸:LDNG/DSP/TKG IN CHRG/FR TRANSP FROM CHINA VIA HONGKONG PRT BY VESSEL NOT LATER 990629 FOR TRANSPORTATION TO ROTTERDAM PORT.
例⑹:DOCUMENT SHOWING SHIPMENT EFFECTED PRIOR TO L/C ISSUING DATE ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.
在例⑴至例⑷中,均出现“ON BOARD”(已装船)一词,其中例⑴、例⑵和例⑶还分别要求由承运人或其代理或船长签署并加注日期证实,这是进口商担心货物没有真正装上指定船只使其被欺诈而作出的规定[按国际惯例,货物被确认已装船时,一般需满足三个条件:其一、提单上有“ON BOARD”一词;其二、加注日期;其三、由承运人或其代理或船长签章。若船只前有“INTEN-DEN”(打算)一词,还需另加注船名]。故制单时,应逐一按要求注明“ON BOARD”标记(如“LADEN ON BORAR”或“SHIPPEN ON BOARD”)并相应加注日期及由船方签名。而在例⑷至例⑹中,均出现装运时间限定条款,实质上暗示了签单日期,所不同的是例⑷和例⑸规定不能迟于某个日期装运,而例⑹则禁止在开证日期前装运。这是进口商为掌握到货时间,便于销售或防止出口商利用陈旧提单(即出单日期早于信用证开立日期的提单)诈骗而提出的要求。制单时,应注意签单日期(或出单日期)需在信用证规定的最迟装运期内,例⑹还需注意签单日期不能早于开证日期,但可与该开证日同在一天(注:根据《UCP500》第22条阐述:“除非信用证另有规定,银行将接受出单日期早于信用证开立日期的单据,但该单据需在信用证和本条文规定的时间内提交”,例⑹乃属于信用证另有规定者,故按其规定执行)。
2.签发份数和证明内容及其它事项亦需与来证规定相一致
签发份数是指船方收妥货物后签发给托运人提单的份数,它包括正本提单份数(NO.OF OR-IGINAL B/L)和副本提单份数(NO.OF COPY B/L)。其中正本提单份数是有效的物权凭证,即可凭任何一份正本提单提货,正本提单以“ORIGINAL”一词表示,一般来说,若信用证无具体规定,签发正本提单一至三份均可,且不管签发多少份,只要凭其中之一提货,其它各份即作失效处理。副本提单一般不能凭以提货,仅作为各有关方面存档备查。而证明内容则是指信用证要求在提单上对某项内容加以证实的条款。如货船不能停泊某国港口,或船只不得悬挂某国国旗,或某些其它特别条款,这些条款千万不可忽略,应如实在提单上显示出来。实务中,常见的关于提单签发份数和证明内容及其它事项的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:FULL SET CLEAN SHIPPED ON BOARD OCEAN BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO THE ORDER OF PERWIA HABIB BANK MALAYSIA BERHAD, NOTIFY BUYERS MARKED FREIGHT PREPAID.
例⑵:2/3 ORIGINAL & THREE COPIES CLEAN SHIPPED ON BOARD OCEAN BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO ORDER OF BANK OF THE NORTH LTD., MARKED "FREIGHT PREPAID" & NOTIFY APPLICANT WITH ADDRESS.
例⑶:FULL SET 3/3 (3 NEGOTIABLE AND 3 NON-NEGOTIABLE) CLEAN 'SHIPPED ON BOARD' OCEAN BILLS OF LADING MADE OUT TO THE ORDER OF DUTA INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CO. LTD., HONGKONG, MARKED 'FREIGHT COLLECT' AND SHOWING NOTIFY APPLICANT WITH FULL NAME AND ADDRESS.
例⑷:3/3 ORIGINAL PLUS TWO NON-NEGOTIABLE COPIES OF CLEAN ON BOARD OCEAN BILLS OF LADING TO THE ORDER OF SHIPPER, BLANK ENDORSED, MARKED 'FREIGHT PREPAID' AND SHOWING NOTIFY ZB INDUSTRIES INC., CA, AND STATING THAT 'THIS REFRIGERATED CARGO WAS STOWED AND MAINTIONED AT MINUS 18 DEGREES C OR LOWER'.
例⑸:FULL SET OCEAN BILL OF LADING AND THREE NON-NEGOTIABLE COPIES 'CLEAN ON BOARD' DULY SIGNED BY THE CARRIER OR ITS AGENTS, TO THE ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED, MARKED FREIGHT PAYABLE AT DESTINATION, INDICATING ITS AMT. NOTIFY APPLICANT (TEL: 941-9148).
例⑹:B/L MUST SPECIFY THE FOLLOWING ARABIAN UNLOADING CLAUSE--IN VIEW OF DANGER OF CONFISCATION WARRENTED VESSEL IS NOT TO CALL AT PORTS AND NOT TO ENDER THE TERRITORIAL WATERS OF SYRIA, LEBANON, JORDAN, IRAQ, SAUDI, ARABIA, YEMEN, SUDAN, LIBYA, OR OTHER ARAB COUNTRIES EXCLUDING EGYPT, PRIOR TO UNLOADING AT PORT OF DESTINATIONS UNLESS IN DISTRESS OR SUBJECT TO FORCE MAJEURE.
例⑺:THE BILLS OF LADING SHOULD BEAR THE FOLLOWING CLAUSE: "WE CERTIFY THAT VESSEL IS NOT OWNED BY ANY ISRAELI COMPANY OR PERSON, IS NOT BLACK LISTED AND NOT CALLING AT ANY ISRAELI PORT." THIS DECLARATION CAN BE MADE ON A SEPARATE CERTIFICATE DULY SIGNED BY SHIPPING CO.
例⑻:ALL THE SHIPPING DOCUMENTS MUST BEAR THE CLAUSE 'PORT SAID NATIONAL BANK FOR DEVELOPMENT PORT SAID L/C NO. 12/641F (FREE ZONE) & PORT SAID PUBLIC FREE ZONE IN TRANSIT.
例⑼:ALL DOCUMENTS ARE TO BE PREPARED IN EITHER ENGLISH OR ARABIC.
在例⑴至例⑸中,均涉及提单份数,但它们之间差别较大,例⑴仅要求提交全套正本,无副本,例⑵要求提交三份正本中之两份正本及三份副本,例⑶要求提交三正三副,例⑷要求三正两副,例⑸是全套正本和三份副本,这是进口商或开证行出于本国贸易习惯及提货销售或备查需要而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑴可签发一至三份正本提单,但需注明正本份数,并全套提交,如签发三份正本,可在正本提单份数一栏打上“THREE”(三份)字样,并交足三份,例⑵要出具三份正本提单和三份副本提单,但只需提交其中两份正本提单及三份副本提单(另一份正本提单来证中有特别条款要求寄往申请人或其指定人,但这种做法对受益人风险极大,一般不宜采用),其它类推。而在例⑷至例⑻中,均包含特定的证明内容,如例⑷要求注明以冷藏车装运,例⑸要求指出在目的地支付运费的金额,例⑹要求列明阿拉伯卸货条款,例⑺要求证实船只不在黑名单上且不停靠某国港口,例⑻要求标明某银行信用证号及在某国港口转运。这是进口商或开证行出于货物安全运输和节省费用或本国政治需要而作出的规定。制单时,应根据不同条款的具体要求逐一在提单上加以证实,如对于例⑷可在提单空白处打上这样一句话:“WE ARE STATING THAT THIS REFRIGERATED CARG-O WAS STOWED AND MAINTIONED AT MINUS 18 DEGR-EES C OR LOWER”(我方证实该冷柜保持在零下摄氏18度),例⑺既可在提单上证明,也可由船公司另出函证实,但需注意加以正式签署(视同签发提单),并注明作为该提单之一部分(最好加注提单号)。此外,对于象例⑼要求使用特定国家文字制单或某些要求在提单上标出许可证号、合同号、关税号、清关地点等其它内容的特殊条款,应具体情况具体分析并从实际出发灵活处理,以确保提单上所填各项内容完全符合信用证的规定。