第二节 从L/C条款谈保单制作
实务中,L/C(信用证)条款对保单的要求各式各样,由于保单是被保险人进行索赔的主要依据,且又属于有价证券范畴,故缮制保单不可不慎,具体应注意以下几个问题:
一、有关保单的投保人、保险人/运输工具和运输路线问题
⒈保单的投保人(或被保险人)和保险人必须符合信用证规定
投保人(或被保险人)是指办理货物运输保险的当事人,亦即与保险人签订保险合同并承担缴付保费义务者,一般为货物出险后有权获得赔偿的受益人。在财产保险合同中,投保人与被保险人往往是同一人。如来证无其它规定,保险单据的被保险人应是信用证上的受益人。但有些来证也会规定以买方为被保险人,或规定保单抬头人为某某银行,甚至空白抬头,有的却规定提交中性单据。而保险人(或称承保人)是承保货物运输险别的当事人,有权向投保人收取保费但必须承担保险合同约定的赔偿责任,一般为保险公司或其代理人。在“CIF”价格条款中,保险由我方出口公司办理,保险人为我方保险公司,而在“CNF”或“FOB”价格条款中,保险通常由买方办理,保险人则为其指定保险公司。实务中,常见的关于保单的投保人(或被保险人)和保险人问题的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN NEGOTIABLE FORM ISSUED TO OUR ORDER SHOWING CLAIM PAYABLE AT DESTINATION FOR THE FULL INVOICE VALUE PLUS 10% COVERING THE FOLLOWING RISKS: MARINE, WAR, MINES ALL RISKS INCLUDING MARINE WPA. WAR AND SRCC RISKS. THEFT PILFERAGE AND NON DELIVERY RISKS. FROM WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE.
例⑵:POLICY OF INSURANCE ORDER DISCOUNT BANK (LATIN AMERICA), FOR 110.00 PERCENT CIF VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS: MARINE WAR, MINES TORPEDOS, FIRE THEFT, LARCENY, WPA FROM WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE INCLUDING 60 DAYS AT MONTEVIDEO CUSTOMS HOUSE.
例⑶:INSURANCE POLICY IN DUPLICATE ISSUED TO THE ORDER OF APPLICANT FOR NOT LESS THAN 110% OF CIF INVOICE VALUE COVERING GOODS FROM WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE MARKED CLAIMS PAYABLE IN TURKEY AND INDICATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF INSURANCE CO'S AGENTS IN TURKEY COVERING I.C.C. (A) INSTITUTE STRIKE CLAUSES (CARGO) AND INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES (CARGO).
例⑷:2 ORIGINAL(S) OF INSURANCE POLICY AND CERTIFICATE MADE OUT TO ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED, FOR 110 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL CIF- VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS.
例⑸:INSURANCE COVERED IN BANGLADESH, CERTIFICATION OF SHIPMENT TO BE SENT DIRECT TO FEDERAL INSURANCE CO., LTD. IMAMGANJ BR. DHAKA AND TO THE OPENERS IMMEDIATELY AFTER SHIPMENT QUOTING COVER NOTE NO. EIC/IMA/MC-1700/08/99 AND THIS CREDIT NUMBER.
例⑹:INSURANCE COVERED BY OPENERS. ALL SHIPMENTS UNDER THIS CREDIT MUST BE ADVISED BY YOU IMMEDIATELY AFTER SHIPMENT DIRECT TO M/S. QATAR INSURANCE CO., PO BOX. NO. 4066, DUBAI/ U.A.E. AND TO THE OPENERS REFERRING TO THEIR OPEN POLICY NO.40 GIVING FULL DETAIL OF SHIPMENTS.
在例⑴至例⑷中,均提及到保单的投保人(或被保险人),但例⑴的被保险人是以开证行为抬头(“TO OUR ORDER”),例⑵是以某指定银行为抬头,例⑶是以申请人为抬头,例⑷是空白抬头,这是进口商或开证行为保障货物出险后掌握索赔主动权而作的规定。制单时,应根据具体规定准确填列,如对于例⑴和例⑵,可在被保险人一栏先打上我方出口公司名称,再在其后加上“HELD TO THE ORDER OF XXX BANK(开证行或某指定银行)”;对于例⑶,可这样填列:“CHINA NATIONAL……IMPORT AND EXPORT CORP.(出口公司)HELD TO THE ORDER OF XXX(申请人)”;对于例⑷,可在保单的被保险人一栏填上:“XXX(出口公司)FOR THE ACCOUNT OF WHOM IT MAY CONCERN”(某出口公司代被保险人利益);若来证规定保单抬头为第三者名称(即中性单据),则被保险人一栏可填写“TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN”。在例⑸和例⑹中,均规定由买方投保,同时指明了保险人,且两者都要求出口公司装运后将装运情况的证明书寄给进口商所在国的保险公司(保险人)及开证人,并注明其暂保单号码,这是进口商或开证行出于自身利益或本国政策需要(某些国家为扶持本国保险业,规定进口货物要在其国内投保)而作的规定。制单时,应注意这些要求,并根据实际情况灵活处理。如例⑸可由买方投保,出口公司只需在装运后将装运情况(如货名、数量、规格、包装、唛头、货值、装运日期、装运港口、船名、航程等)以电讯或邮寄方式告知对方(包括证中指定保险人及开证人)并提交相应证明书(随附其它单据一起)给议付行即可,例⑹同理。
⒉保单上的运输工具和运输路线需与来证要求一致
运输工具是运载货物的交通工具,一般指船只和车辆,具体包括船名或车号,且保单上的运输工具与提单上的运输工具通常是相同或对应的。而运输路线则是运送货物的起讫地,一般指从装运港到卸货港或目的地的整个运输路径或过程。实务中,常见的涉及保单的运输工具和运输路线的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:SHIPMENT BY STEAMER FROM CHINA TO LIMASSOL IN TRANSIT LATEST 30/09/99.
例⑵:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE COVERING OVERLAND TRANSPORTATION ALL RISKS AS PER OVERLAND TRANSPORTATION CARGO INSURANCE CLAUSES OF THE PEOPLE'S INSURANCE COMPANY OF CHINA FOR GOODS CONSIGNED BY RAIL.
例⑶:ORIGINAL MARINE INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE FOR FULL CIF VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT COVERING AGAINST ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS CLAUSES INCLUDING RISK OF CONTAMINATION AND ISOMERISATION INHERENT OR OTHERWISE AND SHORTAGE IN WEIGHT IN EXCESS OF 0.5 PERCENT SUBJECT TO C.I.C. (1/1/81) FROM WAREHOUSE IN CHINA TO WAREHOUSE IN UK AND PER LAND TRANSPORT AND OCEAN VESSEL (STATING ACTUAL NAME OF VESSEL ) WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE CLAUSE INCLUDED.
例⑷:SHIPMENT FROM ANY CHINESE AIRPORT CIF BEIRUT INT'L AIRPORT LEBANON.
例⑸:SHIPMENT FROM CHINESE PORT TO PORT LOUIS, MAURITUS.
例⑹:SHIPMENT FROM BEIHAI,CHINA TO HONGKONG.
在例⑴至例⑷中,均规定或暗示了相应的运输工具,如例⑴和例⑶为轮船,例⑵为火车,例⑷为飞机,这是进口商出于货物运输的需要而作的规定。制单时,应分别按不同的要求在保单的运输工具一栏上填列相应的运输工具,对于例⑴和例⑶要打上船名(如“NAN FANG 907”),例⑵要打上用火车运输(“BY TRAIN”),例⑷要打上用飞机运输(“BY AIRPLANE”)。在例⑷至例⑹中,指明了特定的运输路线,如例⑷规定装运自中国任何航空港口到贝鲁特国际航空港口,例⑸规定装运自中国港口(通常指海港)到路易斯港口,例⑹规定装运自北海到香港,这是进出口双方根据贸易需要事先商定的条款。制单时,应注意在保单上正确显示运输路线,对于例⑷和例⑸要打上具体的装运港口和卸货港口,例⑹要在装运港一栏“FROM”打上“BEIHAI”(北海),而在卸货港一栏“TO”打上“HONGKONG”(香港),且与提单显示一致。
二、有关保单的保险金额、保险货币/保险货物和承保条件问题
⒈保险金额和保险货币必须符合信用证规定
保险金额是发生保险事故时计算赔偿金额的依据,财产保险一般按照保险标的之价值确定保险金额。进出口货物保险的保险金额,通常以货物的货价、运费、保险费之总和(CIF)作为保险金额。国际贸易惯例对货运保险金额一般按“CIF”加成10%计算,并在合同中订明。而保险货币(即赔偿货币)是指发生保险事故进行赔偿时必须支付的计价货币。港澳地区一般以港币计价,英、美、法、德等大多数国家以美元计价。实务中,常见的限制保险金额和保险货币的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE AND ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 110 PCT OF THE INVOICE VALUE, WITH CLAIMS, IF ANY, PAYABLE AT DESTINATION IN THE CURRENCY OF THE CREDIT, COVERING ALL RISKS, WAR RISKS AND F.R.E.C.
例⑵:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE COVERING MARINE WAR TPND SRCC FPA WPA FIRE ROAD TRANSIT BREAKAGE PACKAGE LEAKAGE AND ALL RISKS FOR FULL CIF VALUE PLUS MINIMUM 20 PERCENT UPTO FINAL DESTINATION IN JANAKPUR DHAM AND INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE MUST BE VALID FOR 90 DAYS AFTER THE DISCHARGE OF GOODS FROM THE VELLES AT THE PORT OF DESTINATION.
例⑶:MARINE INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE, ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 172.9862 PERCENT OF THE INVOICE VALUE, COVERING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES ALL RISKS, INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES, INSTITUTE STRIKES RIOTS AND CIVIL COMMOTIONS CLAUSES.
例⑷:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE MUST SHOW CLAIMS PAYABLE IN AMMAN TO THE ORDER OF ARAB BANK LTD., IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGE, STATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF AGENT OR REPRESENTATIVE IN JARDAN, SHOWING PREMIUM PAID AND COVERING THE FOLLOWING RISKS FROM WAREHOUSE TO FINAL WAREHOUSE: INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES AND INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSES INCLUDING RIOTS AND CIVIL COMMOTIONS.
例⑸:INSURANCE POLICY(IES) OR CERTIFICATE(S) IN DUPLICATE, IN ASSIGNABLE FORM AND ENDORSED IN BLANK, COVERING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES(A), INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSE (CARGO) AND INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSE (CARGO) FOR FULL CIF INVOICE VALUE PLUS AT LEAST 10 PER CENT WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE IN HONGKONG IN CURRENCY OF THE DRAFTS.
例⑹:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE COVERING ALL RISKS AND WAR RISK FOR 110 PCT OF INVOICE VALUE, WITH CLAIM, IF ANY, PAYABLE IN U.S.A. IN U.S. DOLLARS.
在例⑴至例⑹(例⑷除外)中,均显示了需投保的保险金额(百分比),但其比例是不尽相同的,如例⑴和例⑹是发票值的110%,例⑵是20%,例⑶是172.9862%,例⑸则要求至少按“CIF”的发票全值加成10%(即110%)投保,这是进口商预计进口货物的销售利润而定的比例。制单时,应根据具体规定和实际情况灵活处理,对于例⑴,要按发票值的110%计算保险金额,例⑵要按“CIF”全值的120%投保,例⑶的投保比例过高(172.9862%),超过保险公司的限额(一般小于货值的120%),故需事先获得保险公司的认可或去电联系修改,若属特殊情况且经保险公司同意,可按该比例计算投保金额,例⑷要求显示保费已付,但未要求具体投保比例,可按习惯比例110%投保,并注明保费已付,例⑸可按“CIF”发票全值的110%计算保额,例⑹的保险金额是按发票值的110%计算,以上各例得出具体数值后,将其填列在保单上的保险金额一栏内,通常其大小写金额要同时显示。而在例⑴、例⑸和例⑹中,则规定了相应的投保货币,其中例⑴要求投保货币为信用证所用货币,例⑸要求的是港币,例⑹要求的是美元,这是进口商根据本国或本地区的贸易习惯所作的规定。制单时,应注意遵守,对于例⑴,可按信用证上所用的货币计价,如英镑则打上英镑,日元则显示日元,其它类推,例⑸必须是港币,例⑹则是美元,不可用错。
⒉保险货物和承保条件需合乎来证要求
保险货物(即保险对象或保险标的)是指在进出口业务中需投保的各种各样的货物(如海产品、工艺品、炮竹烟花等),也是提单上所装之货物。而承保条件(或称保险险别)是指保险双方约定的责任范围,即被保险人遇到怎样的风险造成的经济损失可以从保险人那里得到补偿。它是保险合同的重要内容之一,不同险别的责任范围各不相同,保险费率也有差异。投保人要投保什么样的险别,一般视货物的特性和装运货物的运输工具、保障程度或范围而定。实务中,常见的关于保险货物和承保条件的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN ASSIGNABLE FORM AND ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 110 PCT INVOICE VALUE SHOWING CLAIMS PAYABLE AT HONGKONG COVERING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES(A). COVERING SHIPMENT OF 400 METRIC TONS OF 112 GSM MEDIUM PAPER IN ROLL AT USD362.00 PER METRIC TON.
例⑵:MARINE INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE FOR NOT LESS THAN TEN PER CENT OVER THE INVOICE VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS AS PER C.I.C. AND TRANSHIPMENT RISKS COVERING THE GOODS --"CINNAMON" (CASSIA LIGNEA WHOLE) SIKIANG ORIGIN "SIALING BOAT" BRAND (MOISTURE UNDER 19%) UP TO PORT LOUIS WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE AND CLAIMS IF ANY PAYABLE IN MAURITIUS.
例⑶:INSURANCE POLICIES (OR CERTIFICATES) ENDORSED IN BLANK, FOR INVOICE VALUE OF THE GOODS PLUS 10% COVERING MARINE AND WAR RISKS INCLUDING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSE (A), INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSE PORT KELANG THENCE TO BUYER WAREHOUSE IN MELAKA, MALAYSIA, CLAIMS PAYABLE AT MELAKA, MALAYSIA.
例⑷:MARINE INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE FOR FULL CIF VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT COVERING AGAINST ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS AS PER OCEAN MARINE CARGO AND WAR RISKS CLAUSES INCLUDING RISK OF CONTAMINATION AND ISOMERISATION INHERENT OR OTHERWISE, AND SHORTAGE IN WEIGHT IN EXCESS OF 0.5 PERCENT SUBJECT TO C.I.C. (1/1/81) FROM WAREHOUSE IN CHINA TO WAREHOUSE IN EUROPE AND PER LAND TRANSPORT AND OCEAN VESSEL (STATING ACTUAL NAME OF VESSEL) WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE CLAUSES INCLUDED.
例⑸:INSURANCE CERTIFICATE, BLANK ENDORSED, COVERING ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS AS PER O.M.C. AND WAR CLAUSES OF THE P.I.C.C. DATED 1.1.81 FOR 110 PERCENT OF THE INVOICE VALUE, IN ORIGINAL AND COPY.
例⑹:NEGOTIABLE INSURANCE POLICY IN 3 FOLD, FOR 110% OF THE INVOICE VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS, WAR, SRCC, FROM WAREHOUSE TO FINAL DESTINATION WAREHOUSE WAREGEM, AS PER CURRENT ICC TERMS, CLAIMS PAYABLE IN BELGIUM.
在例⑴、例⑵和例⑶中,均提及保险货物,但各有不同,例⑴不仅有确定的货名,而且还有具体的数量、规格和价格;例⑵的货名有两种表述(“CINNAMON”和“CASSIA LIGNEA WHOLE”),且有产地和商标等要求;例⑶则只是简单地提一下货物“GOODS”,而没有具体指明是什么货物(可能其它条款另有说明),这是进口商为便于索赔而作的规定或开证行的开证习惯。制单时,应注意这些规定,对于例⑴,要在保险货物一栏打上具体的货名、数量、规格,但价格可省略;例⑵要将两种货名描述打上,并相应注明产地和商标等内容;例⑶则要参照来证中描述货物的其它条款打上具体货名,并注意与提单所述保持一致。而在例⑶至例⑹中,都出现了承保条件,但各有差异,其中例⑶要求投保学会货物保险条款的海洋战争险;例⑷要求按照海洋货物和战争险条款投保中国保险公司的一切险和战争险,同时还包括污染和辐射(异化)险以及短少超过0.5%的短少险;例⑸要求投保中国人民保险公司的一切险和战争险;例⑹则要求投保学会条款的一切险、战争险和罢工险,这是进口商根据进口货物的特点、运输路线和本国贸易习惯所提出的要求,对此,应予以重视。制单时,对于例⑶,要在承保条件一栏打上“COVERING MARINE...TO BUYER WAREHOUSE IN MELAKA,MALAYSIA”(即承保学会货物保险条款的海洋战争险且至买方在马来西亚马六甲的仓库);对于例⑷,要打上“COVERING AGAINST ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS AS PER ...SUBJECT TO C.I.C.(1/1/81)”;对于例⑸,要打上“COVERING ALL RISKS ...OF THE P.I.C.C.DATED 1.1.81”;而对于例⑹,则必须打上“COVERING ALL RISKS,WAR ...AS PER CURRENT ICC TERMS”。这里需特别强调的是要把“C.I.C.”(中国保险)或“P.I.C.C.”(中国人民保险)和“ICC”(伦敦学会保险)区分开来,不可混用,以免引起麻烦。
三、有关赔付地点、查勘代理/保单日期和保单份数问题
⒈赔付地点和查勘代理必须与信用证规定一致
赔付地点是指保单上的货物出险后向保险公司或其理赔代理人进行索赔的地点,一般是在保单上载明的目的地(或目的港),但信用证另有要求除外。而查勘代理(或称理赔代理人)是指接受保险公司委托在目的地对受损货物进行检验和理赔的机构或个人。只有保险公司指定的检验理赔代理人出具证明,保险受益人方可得到赔偿。在出口业务中,一般应优先选择我方保险公司委请的理赔代理人,以确保我方的正当利益。需要注意的是,若保单载明的卸货港不是最后目的地,则应用最后目的地的代理人。实务中,常见的关系到赔付地点和查勘代理的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:INSURANCE POLICIES/ CERTIFICATES IN THE CURRENCY OF THE CREDIT, BLANK ENDORSED, FOR 110% INVOICE VALUE INSURED FROM POINT OF ORIGIN TO BUYER'S WAREHOUSE AT DESTINATION WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE AT PENANG, MALAYSIA COVERING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSE A, INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSE AND INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSE INCLUDING TRANSHIPMENT RISKS IF TRANSHIPMENT IS TO EFFECTED.
例⑵:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERT. IN DUPLICATE, ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 110% OF CIF INVOICE VALUE STIPULATING THAT CLAIMS ARE PAYABLE IN HONGKONG IN THE SAME CURRENCY AND INCLUDING 1982 INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES(A), 1982 INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES (CARGO) , 1982 INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSES (CARGO), FROM SELLER'S WAREHOUSE TO BUYERS WAREHOUSE.
例⑶:FULL SET OF INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 110 PCT. OF C.I.F. VALUE WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE AT DESTINATION COVERING P.I.C.C. MARINE CARGO CLAUSE (ALL RISKS) WAR RISKS AND F.R.E.C.
例⑷:MARINE INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE, ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 110% OF THE INVOICE VALUE, INSURANCE POLICIES OR CERTIFICATES MUST EXPRESSLY STIPULATE THAT CLAIMS ARE PAYABLE IN THE CURRENCY OF THE DRAFT AND MUST ALSO INDICATE A CLAIM SETTLING AGENT IN KOREA, INSURANCE MUST INCLUDE: INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES: ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS.
例⑸:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE IN 2-FOLD ISSUED FOR 110% OF THE INVOICE VALUE, COVERING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSE(A), CURRENT INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSE AND CURRENT INSTITUTE S.R.C.C. FROM WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE, STATING CLAIMS PAYABLE IN HOLLAND BY DUTCH CLAIMS PAYING AGENT.
例⑹:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE COVERING TRANSPORT AND WAR RISKS, AS PER INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES A, IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGES ISSUED TO ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED MENTIONING CLAIMS SETTLING IN NORWAY.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均提及了赔偿地点,所不同的是,例⑴和例⑵分别给出了货物出险时具体的赔付地点“PENANG,MALAYSIA”(马来西亚槟城)和“HONGKONG”(香港),例⑶只笼统地要求赔付地点为“DESTINATION”(目的地),这是进口商根据双方合约和货物销售地所在情况而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑴和例⑵,可在保单的赔偿地点一栏内分别打上具体的赔付地点 “PENANG,MALAYSIA”或“HONGKONG”,并加注赔付货币,而例⑶则按信用证或提单显示的某个目的地打上实际地点(如目的地为香港则打上“HONGKONG”),同样需加注赔付货币。
在例⑷至例⑹中,规定了赔付代理,其中例⑷规定的赔付代理所在国是“KOREA”(南韩),例⑸不仅规定赔付代理所在国为“HOLLAND”(荷兰),而且还指明了具体的理赔代理人名称“DUTCH CLAIMS PAYING AGENT”(荷兰赔付代理),例⑹规定的赔付代理所在国别是“NORWAY”(挪威),但没有给出具体代理人名称,这是进口方根据本国国情或贸易习惯所作的规定,应予以重视。制单时,对于例⑷,要在保单上注明韩国赔付代理名称及地址,例⑸要在保单上注明荷兰赔付代理名称和地址,例⑹则要在保单上注明挪威赔付代理名称和地址。
⒉保单日期和保单份数要符合来证规定
保单日期是指在保单上标明的日期,包括起运日期(或装运日期)和签单日期(或称签发日期)。根据《UCP500》第34条E款规定:“除非信用证另有规定,或除非保险单据表明保险责任最迟于装船或发运或接受监管日起生效,银行对载明签发日期迟于运输单据注明的装船或发运或接受监管日期的保险单据将不予接受”。而保单份数则是指保单上标明的正、副本数量,正本份数通常为一至三份,副本份数可有多份,正本保单具有法定效力,副本保单不具法定效力。实务中,常见的制约保单日期和保单份数的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:INSURANCE EFFECTED BY SHIPPER. SHPMENT LATEST JULY 15, 1999. PARTIAL SHIPMENT ARE PERMITTED. TRANSHIPMENT IS PROHIBITED.
例⑵:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE ISSUED IN NEGOTIABLE FORM FOR INVOICE AMOUNT PLUS 10.00%. SHIPMENT FROM FANG CHENG PORT TO GO DAU PORT, VIETNAM LATEST NOV. 10, 99.
例⑶:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN DUPLICATE, BLANK ENDORSED FOR 110 PCT OF THE CIF VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS, WAR RISKS AND S.R.C.C. EARLIEST SHIP DATE 05DEC99, LATEST SHIP DATE 15DEC99.
例⑷: INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE (FULL SET) ISSUED IN NEGOTIABLE FORM COVERING THE FOLLOWING RISKS: ALL RISKS AND WAR RISKS AS PER OCEAN MARINE CARGO CLAUSE (JAN. 1ST., 1981) INCLUDING FROM WAREHOUSE BENEFICIARY UPTO APPLICANTS WAREHOUSE OOTMARSUM AND OCEAN MARINE CARGO WAR RISK CLAUSE (JAN. 1ST., 1981) OF THE PEOPLE'S INSURANCE COMPANY OF CHINA WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE IN HOLLAND IN THE CURRENCY OF THE CREDIT FOR CIF VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT.
例⑸:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE IN ONE ORIGINAL AND ONE COPY FOR 110 PCT OF THE CIF VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS(A), INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES (CARGO) AND INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSES (CARGO) AS PER ICC DD.1.1.82.
例⑹:MARINE INSURANCE CERTIFICATES/ POLICIES IN 2 COPIES COVERING MARINE INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES A, INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES (CARGO) AND INSTITUTE STRIKE CLAUSES (CARGO) FOR FULL CIF VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT, IF GOODS IS SUBJECT TO TRANSHIPMENT, RISKS OF TRANSHIPMENT MUST ALSO BE COVERED.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均出现最迟装运日,稍有不同的是,例⑶除了有最迟装运日外,还有最早装运日限制,这是进口商为了更好地掌握货物到达时间而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑴和例⑵,可按最迟装运日期在保单的起运日期和签单日期两栏上分别加注这一日期(起运日期和签单日期可在同一天),且必须与提单上的装运日期保持一致;对于例⑶,要注意保单上的起运日期和签单日期需在最早装运日期和最迟装运日期之间(即介于05DEC99和15DEC99之间,这两天可包括在内)。而在例⑶至例⑹中,均提及保单份数,所不同的是,例⑶表示的是正本保单份数为“IN DUPLICATE”(一式两份),例⑷表示的是正本保单份数为“FULL SET”(全套),例⑸表示的是“IN ONE ORIGINAL AND ONE COPY”(一正一副),例⑹表示的是“IN 2 COPIES”(两份正本)(注意:不可误为两份副本),这是进口商根据实际用途所作的规定。制单时,对于例⑶,可提交两份正本保单,例⑷可提交两份或三份正本保单(甚至仅有一份正本亦可),但需在保单上注明总的正本保单份数(必要时应在每份上标明其为第几分之一,如“1/3”等)。
四、有关免赔率、仓至仓/背书和签署等其它问题
⒈免赔率和仓至仓条款必须与信用证要求一致
“免赔率”是指保险货物(一般为易碎品,如玻璃和陶器)一旦受损时,可按双方约定在一定比例范围内(如3%或5%),免除赔偿责任,以减化工序并降低保险公司的承保风险。免赔率还可分为绝对免赔率和相对免赔率,前者是指货物受损超过一定比例后全部受损货物都要赔偿,后者是指货物受损虽超过一定比例,但只赔偿给投保人(或受益人)超过比例的那部分,其它可不赔。而“仓至仓”则是指保险货物从某一地点(如出口地或起运地)的储存仓库至另一地点(如进口地或目的地)的储存仓库的整个运输过程中保险公司需承担的保险责任,即保险责任的地点范围通常是“自卖方仓库至买方仓库”。实务中,常见的涉及免赔率和仓至仓问题的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE ENDORSED IN BLANK FOR 10% ABOVE FULL INVOICE VALUE WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE AT PENANG IN THE CURRENCY OF DRAFT(S) IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGE COVERING ALL RISKS AS PER CHINA INSURANCE CLAUSES (CIC) DATED 1-1-1981.
例⑵:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN NEGOTIABLE FORM ISSUED TO OUR ORDER, SHOWING CLAIMS PAYABLE AT DISTINATION FOR THE FULL INVOICE PLUS 10% COVERING THE FOLLOWING RISKS: MARINE, WAR, MINES, STRIKES, RIOTS AND CIVIL COMMOTIONS AND ALL RISKS, WITH EXTENDED COVER FROM WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE. IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGE.
例⑶:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO OUR ORDER OR TO ORDER AND ENDORSED TO OUR ORDER, CLAUSED "CLAIMS PAYABLE IN CYPRUS", FOR THE INVOICE VALUE PLUS 10% IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGE COVERING THE GOODS FROM WAREHOUSE TO APPLICANT'S WAREHOUSE IN LIMASSOL AGAINST: INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES "A" 1/1/82, INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES 1/1/82 AND INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSES 1/1/82 COVERING ALSO TRANSHIPMENT RISKS.
例⑷:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE, TO ORDER AND BLANK ENDORSED, FOR THE INVOICE VALUE COVERING ALL RISKS ICC: FROM SELLER'S WAREHOUSE TO BUYER'S WAREHOUSE.
例⑸:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN ORIGINAL AND COPIES INCLUDING 60 DAYS IN FINAL CUSTOMHOUSE COVERING ALL RISK OCEAN, THEFT, FIRE, STRIKE, WAR, PARTIAL OR TOTAL LOSS FROM WAREHOUSE OF SELLER TO WAREHOUSE OF BUYER IN SANTIAGO ISSUED TO OUR ORDER OR ENDORSED TO US FOR CIF VALUE PLUS 10 PER CENT SHOWING AMOUNT OF INSURANCE PREMIUM PAID IN THE SAME CURRENCY OF THIS LETTER OF CREDIT.
例⑹:INSURANCE POLICY OR ENDORSED BY BENEFICIARIES IN BLANK TO OUR ORDER, COVERING THE GOODS FOR INVOICE VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT AGAINST FOLLOWING RISKS: ALL RISKS-MARINE-W.P.A./ F.P.A. INCLUDED WAR, S.R.C.C. SHORTAGE, BREAKAGE, FIRE, FOR 60 DAYS IN CUSTOMS WAREHOUSE AT FINAL DESTINATION AND FROM WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE, STIPULATING ALL CLAIMS PAYABLE IN BEIRUT.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均有不计免赔率“IRRESPECTIVE OF PERCENTAGE”一词,这意味着无论货物损坏多少都必须全部赔偿,这是进口商为确保货物一旦受损能够获得完全赔偿而作的规定。制单时,对于出现这些字句的条款,如例⑴、例⑵和例⑶,都应在保单的承保条件一栏所显示的承保险别下打上或盖上“不计免赔率”这些字样,不可遗漏。而在例⑵至例⑹中,都带有“仓至仓”条款(WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE),所不同的只是表述差异而已,如例⑵的是“WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE”,例⑶的是“WAREHOUSE TO APPLICANT’S WAREHOUSE”,例⑷是“SELLER’S WAREHOUSETO BUYER’S WAREHOUSE”,例⑸是“WAREHOUSE OF SELLERTO WAREHOUSE OF BUYER”,例⑹和例⑵一样也是“WAREHOUSE TOWAREHOUSE”,但在其前面有这样一句“FOR 60 DAYS IN CUSTOMS WAREHOUSE AT FINAL DESTINATION”(在最后目的地的海关仓库60天),这是进口商出于对货物保险安全期的考虑而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑵至例⑸,可根据给出的条款在保单的承保条件栏目下打上相应的字句,对于例⑹,除了打上有关“仓至仓”条款外,还要加注如上的货物保险期限条款,方达到要求。
⒉背书和签署等其它内容需符合来证规定
背书是指在保单背面由投保人(或受益人)进行签署(包括打上公司名称和由有权人签名),以便将保险权益合法地转让给第三方的行为,故其重要性不言而喻。保单的背书通常可分为“空白背书”和记名背书”两种。保单作成空白背书意味着被保险人或任何保单持有人在保险货物出险后有权向保险公司或其代理人索赔。记名背书则大多以开证银行作为被背书人。在出口业务中,背书大多由出口公司业务主管办理。而签署则是指保险公司(或承保人)根据保险合同确认承担保险责任后,在制妥的保单上(一般为右下角)通过签字或盖章(包括显示保险公司名称和负责人签名)证实。《UCP500》第34条A项规定:“保险单据从其表面上看,必须是由保险公司或承保人或他们的代理人开立及签署的”。此外,某些信用证还可能出现一些对保单有特殊要求内容的条款,亦应予以重视。实务中,常见的有关背书和签署等内容的有如下L/C条款:
例⑴:NEGOTIABLE INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE BLANK ENDORSED FOR 110% OF INVOICE VALUE COVERING INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSE (A) INSTITUTE STRIKES CLAUSE CARGO AND INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSES CARGO, TPND, SRCC AND ALL RISKS AS PER CIC RULES UPTO FINAL DESTINATION IN NEPAL FOR EACH L/C.
例⑵:POLICY OR CERTIFICATE OF INSURANCE IN DUPLICATE, ENDORSED TO THE ORDER AND BENEFIT OF DAO HENG BANK LTD. ISSUED IN THE CURRENCY OF THE CREDIT, WITH CLAIMS PAYABLE AT DESTINATION IN THE CURRENCY OF THE CREDIT, FOR THE CIF VALUE OF THE SHIPMENT PLUS 10 PERCENT COVERING MARINE RISKS AS PER INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSE (ALL RISK) WITH EXTENDED COVER INCLUDING WAREHOUSE TO WAREHOUSE INSTITUTE WAR CLAUSE AND INSTITUTE S.R.C.C. CLAUSE.
例⑶:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE (IN DUPLICATE) ISSUED TO OUR ORDER OR ENDORSED BY BENEFICIARIES IN BLANK TO OUR ORDER, COVERING THE GOODS FOR INVOICE VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT COVERING ALL RISKS AS PER CHINESE INSURANCE CLAUSE 1/1/81.
例⑷:INSURANCE CERTIFICATE/ POLICY TO COVER 110% OF THE INVOICE VALUE OF THE GOODS, ALL RISKS INCLUDING MARINE & WAR RISKS, STRICKES RIOTS AND CIVIL COMMOTION AS PICC DATED 1.1.81.
例⑸:INSURANCE POLICY/ CERTIFICATE OF THE PEOPLE'S INSURANCE COMPANY OF CHINA COVERING OCEAN MARINE CARGO CLAUSES, ALL RISKS 1/1/81, AND OCEAN MARINE CARGO WAR RISKS CLAUSES 1/1/81 FOR FULL INVOICE VALUE PLUS 10 PERCENT OR OVERLAND TRANSPORTATION RISK.
例⑹:INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE IN NEGOTIABLE FORM EVIDENCING "PREMIUM PAID" PLUS 10% CIF VALUE.
例⑺:IN CASE OF CONTAINERIZED SHIPMENT, INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE MUST STATE THAT THE RISKS OF JETTISON AND/ OR WASHING OVERBOARD HAVE BEEN INCLUDED.
例⑻:IF GOODS ARE SUBJECT TO TRANSHIPMENT, INSURANCE POLICY OR CERTIFICATE MUST STATE THAT THE RISKS OF LOSS AND/ OR DAMAGE DUE TO TRANSHIPMENT HAVE BEEN INCLUDED.
在例⑴至例⑶中,均出现“ENDORSED”(背书)一词,所不同的是,例⑴要求的是空白背书,例⑵要求的是背书给某指定银行抬头和受益,例⑶则要求由受益人空白背书给开证行抬头,这是进口商和开证行为便于转让保险权益而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑴,由出口公司在保单后面直接背书即可;对于例⑵,除了由出口公司背书外,还需加注这样一句话:“DELIVERY TO THE ORDER AND BENEFIT OF DAO HENG BANK LTD.”(交给道享银行抬头和受益”;例⑶可有两种选择,一是在保单的被保险人一栏打上“凭开证行指示”,可不作背书,二是由受益人(出口公司)在保单背面背书,并加注“凭开证行指示”(注:条款中的“OUR”一词代表开证行)。而在例⑷至例⑸中,暗示着由中国人民保险公司作为承保人并投保其相关保险条款,这是目前大多数出口公司的贸易习惯。随着其它保险公司(如平安保险公司和太平洋保险公司)的加盟以及中国入关后外资保险公司的介入,投保人将会有更多的选择。制单时,对于这两例,可由中国人民保险公司或其代理在保单右下角正式签署(包括签名和盖章),最好采用手签,以示郑重。假如指定其它保险公司承保,则相应地要由该保险公司签署。
在例⑹至例⑻中,是一些颇为特殊的条款,如例⑹要求证实“PREMIUM PAID”(保费已付),但却无显示投保险别;例⑺要求一旦使用集装箱运输时,必须加保丢弃险和水渍险;例⑻则要求假如货物转运时,保单必须声明已投保因转运可能发生的短少险和损坏险,这是进口商根据贸易习惯和货物安全需要而作的规定。制单时,对于例⑹,可在保单上注明“PREMIUM PAID”(保费已付),并按双方事先约定或习惯投保一切险(或综合险);对于例⑺,若提单或保单上显示有集装箱装运,则需在保单上加注上述声明条款(如“WE HEREBY STATE THAT THERISKS OF JETTISION AND/ OR WASHING OVERBOARD HAVE BEEN INCLUDED”);同理,对于例⑻,若货物转运,亦需在保单上加注有关证明条款。如此等等,旨在确保保单上的一切内容完全符合信用证要求。