1. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.
【译文】旨在使学生胜任某种工作的教育是职业教育，它存在的理由与法律所规定的普及教育之间有很大差别。
【析句】这个句子的主语是An education，后面that引导的从句既是主语的定语，表语是a technical education。过去分词justified引导的短语修饰a technical education, radically different from why education is universally required by law是reasons的后置定语。
【讲词】justify意为"证明......是正当的"。Is he justified in all his actions?（他的这许多行为是正当的吗?）The course of events fully justifies our views.（事情的发展完全证明我们的意见是正确的。）radically表示"根本地"。radical意为"根本的，基本的，激进的"。require意为"要求，需要"。I require two children to help me.(我需要两个孩子来帮忙。）The rules require us all to be present.(按规定我们都要到场。）
2. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.
【译文】相反，我们应该体现美国公民的某种观念，如果他无法准确判断自身的生活和幸福是如何受到外界影响的，他的公民特征就是不完整的。
【析句】 这个句子的难点在于理解a certain conception of the American citizen，即a character... outside of himself。这里的a character是指the American citizen，其后是一个who引导的定语从句；该定语从句是主从复合句，其中主句是who is incomplete，if引导条件从句，这个条件从句中的谓语动词access跟了一个how引导的宾语从句。
【讲词】assess意为"评估，评价"。The annual income of school teachers in this place was assessed at $900.（这地方的学校教师的年收入为900美元。）Damages were assessed at 1000 RMB.（损失估计达一千元人民币。）affect意为"影响"。You should be aware of the fact that smoking affects health.（你应该清楚吸烟有害健康。）He was deeply affected by my words.（他听了我的话很受感动。）注意affected的意思是"假装的，造作的"。She showed an affected interest in our subject.（她假装对我们的课题感兴趣。）