第四讲 怎样做阅读理解题（下）
一、细节题
大纲对考生掌握的阅读能力的第二条要求是：了解阐述主旨的事实和细节。也就是说我们在阅读一篇文章时，除了抓住文章的主旨和大意外，还必须弄清文中的一些重要事实或细节，因为它们是作者得出结论或阐明论点的依据。了解这些事实或细节有助于领会并确定文章的主题思想。
细节类题目在职称英语等级考试的阅读理解题中占的比例最大，涉及的内容也很广，因此，我们在复习应考时，应注意在该类题目上多下功夫。细节题常出why， when， where， what， who等疑问词引导的句子提问。解答细节题的关键在于从问题中找出问题的关键词，即能表达问题所涉及内容的中心词，然后迅速在短文中用查读的方法找出关键词在短文中的位置，以及包含所需信息的句子或短语，最后根据这些句子或短语做出正确的选择。
细节类题目常见提问形式有：
What causes……？
Why does the author mention……？
How many……？
where in the passage does the author describe……？
What time does the writer think is ……？
The author mentions that……？
The writer states……？
等等
对于这种题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用查读的方法到文章中寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，从而保证对这一细节的正确理解，最后确定正确答案。
Let Them Watch It
One hot night last July， when our new baby wouldn't or couldn't sleep， I tried everything I could think of ： a warm bottle， songs， and gentle rocking. Nothing would settle him. Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me， I brought a portable TV into his room， figuring that watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill off the hours until dawn. To my surprise， as soon as the TV lit up， the baby quieted right down， his little eyes， focused brightly on the tube. Not to waste an opportunity for sleep， I then tiptoed out of the room， leaving him to watch the actors celebrate John Bellushi's fortyfifth birthday. My wife and I heard no more of the baby that night， and the next morning when I went into his room， I found him still watching TV himself.
I found in my baby's behaviour a metaphor for the new generation. My wife and I had given him some books to examine， but he merely spit upon them. When we read to him， he did not feel comfortable. And so it is in the schools. We find that our students don't read， that they look down upon reading and scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. After this experience with the baby， however， I have reached a conclusion； let them watch it. If television is that much more attractive to children than books， why should we fight it？ Let them watch it all they want！
这是99年试题中的一篇
短文。短文讲的是一个炎热的夏天，孩子就是不愿意睡觉，作者想尽了各种办法，又是拿奶瓶，又是唱歌，又是摇晃，就是不管用。实在没有办法，把一个手提电视给他拿了过去，孩子立刻就不闹了。我们看第36题：
36. The author brought a TV set into his son's room to
A）make his son stop crying.
B） spend the night watching TV.
C） leave it to his son.
D） make his son fall asleep as soon as possible.
题目问的是作者把电视拿到他儿子屋里去的目的是什么。这道题就属于细节性题目。在回答这类题目时，就要到文中找有关信息。请看第一段第三句： Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me……watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill off the hours until dawn.作者把电视机拿到他儿子的房间里本不是给他儿子看的，而是准备让自己看深夜电影来打发长夜难熬的时光。所以，选项B为最佳答案。其他三个选项都不是他把电视机拿到儿子房间里去的初衷。下面我们看推理题。
二、推理题
一篇文章往往包含两方面的内容：即字面内容和内在内容。所谓内在的内容，是指由于种种原因，文章的作者并不直说出其意，而是把要表达的意思隐藏在字里行间。推理题就是要求考生依据文章所提供的事实，透过表面的文章信息去推测文章深层的含义。推理能力包括归纳、演绎、分析，综合、引申等。阅读理解题中最让考生头痛的应属推理题。这类题既有以局部内容为基础的简单推理，也有以某一段落，甚至整篇文章为基础判断作者（或文中某人物）态度、观点、意图、语气、身份及文章文体等的复杂推理。
推理题往往以下列形式出现：
It can be inferred from the passage that……
In this passage the author implies that……