第五讲 怎样做选择填空题
一、题型介绍
选择填空又称综合填空或完形测试,它是目前较为好的一种英语测试题型之一。在我国其它的大规模英语考试中是一项必试项目。
选择填空或完形测试的理论依据是完形心理学。这种理论的观点认为:人们在观察物体形状时,往往下意识地把不连贯的、缺的部分给补上,然后把它看成一个完整的形状。把这种理论应用到语言测试上,便出现了完形测试。这种试题设计程序为:命脉题人员首先选取一篇短文,然后每隔一定数目的单词(一般为5-11个)有规律地去掉一个词,最后,让考生填出去掉的那些词,来测试他们的语言应用能力。
最初的这种完形测试方法是按固定比例来删词,后来又产生了几种新的变体。一种是删掉的词仅限于某一类语言现象,如动词、名词、介词等。这样原来隔固定词数删词的标准仅做参考;另一种是把综合填充和多项选择结合起来,试题设计者为每个空白处提供3-5个选择先项,让考生从中挑选出唯一正确的答案。这样既可达到所希望的测试目的,又可保证评分的客观性。这种测试形式是目前国内采用的最普遍的完形测试方式。职称英语等级考试C级试卷中采用的就是这种题型。
选择填空的题目设计并非拿一篇短文来随便地去掉几个词。设计者遵循一定要求和准则,以保证测试的效度和信度。首先,选文的头一、两句应是完整的,不去掉任何词,以帮助考生进入语境。其次,原文的长度一般在300词左右,太长或太短都不合适。为了达到测试目的,可以灵活掌握隔多少个单词删去一个词,但是总体上要遵循每隔一定数目的单词去掉一个词这种原则。
二、选择填空的测试点
根据职称英语等级考试大纲,选择填空通常用由一篇300词左右的短文组成。短文中留有20个空格,每个空格为一题。我们还注意到,职称英语等级考试中删词的间隙较一般考试要大一些。这样,题目就相对容易了一些。这是因为破坏的信息量少了,所以恢复起来也就相对而言容易一些。通过对样题的分析,我们发现,补删的词几乎涉及到所有词类,如动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词、短语等等。
三、选择填空的解题方法
表面上来年,选择填空就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词给恢复出来。实际上,选择填空不仅仅测试应试者在句子水平上运用语言的能力,它还测试应试者在语篇水平上综合运用语言的能力。因为,选择填空中的填空是与文章的上下文有紧密联系的,不是孤立的、不相关的。因此,要做好选择填空题,必须首先通读整篇文章,开清文章的大意和逻辑关系,根据空格所在句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息,通过逻辑揄、对比等手段最后确定答案。尤其是运用语法知识、搭配和语篇知识来确定答案。
请看这篇短文,文中有20处空白,每个空白处有4个选项。请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
Television is the greatest communiction medium ever designed and operated by man. It sends into the human brain an —— (36) amount of opinions and information and ——(37) moral and artistic standards for all of us. Every minute of a television programme teaches us something. It is never a neutral (中立的)—— (38)。 For example, how and when public issues ar ——(40) how they are treated by the television networks in entertainment ——(41) news and public affairs programmes.
What the American people think about governemnt and politics in ——(42), ad wwell as a favorite candidate in —— (43), is largely influenced by —— (44)。
Unfortunately commercial television seldom —— (45) anything of value to our lives. Many Americans express a deep hostility (故意)——(46) television because they know most TV programmes are —— (47) poor quality and that sometimes these progra
mmes are ever —— (48)。
The question is : how can television be improved? There are many thins are ordinary —— (49) can do. For example, he —— (50) complain to his local TV stations about offensive advertising. He can —— (51) citiaens groups to urge local TV stations to —— (52) their programmes —— (53), these groups should propose regular analysies of specific TV commercials and programmes by educators, doctors, etc. to —— (54) the influence of these programmes on children and adults. Television can be our most exciting medium if we just think about —— (55) to improve it.
36. A endless G ending C ended D end
37. A finds B absorbs C sets D mends
38. A consequence B influence C result D purpose
39. A talked B handled C watched D noticed
40. A over B in C above D on
41. A as well as B also C but D together
42. A all B short C general D name
43. A particular B special C instance D individual
44. A entertainment B news C programmes D television
45. A damages B contributes C hands D takes
46. A toward B in C on D over
47. A with B in C of D among
48. A serious B harmful C attractive D long
49. A reader B participant C listener D viewer