获取CCNA认证有2种考试途径，一种是直接640-801;另一种是640-821+640-811。ITExamPrep.com建议直接选择640-801考试，其优点是费用少、考试简单、时间短。
CCNA 640-801
试时间:90分钟
考题数目:55-65题
及格分数:849分
考试题型:一般三道路由模拟题;少数连线题;多数多项选择题及其它形式的题型。
考试内容:Planning & Designing、Implementation & Operation、Troubleshooting及Technology。
1、网络设计规划:
应用思科网络技术搭建一个简单的网络
规划IP寻址方案，分析设计需求
基于用户需求选择适当的路由协议
应用思科网络技术搭建一个简单的接入网络
基于用户需求配置适当的访问控制列表
基于用户需求选择适当的广域网服务
2、网络搭建作业:
根据用户需求，配置适当路由协议
在路由器和主机上配置IP地址，子网掩码，网关地址
配置路由器附带管理功能
在交换机上配置VLAN及交换机间通信
操作实现局域网
在特定的网络环境下配置交换机
管理操作系统及设备配置文件
执行路由器初始化配置
执行交换初始化配置
实现访问控制列表
实现简单的广域网协议
3、网络故障处理:
利用OSI 7层模型知识知道解决网络故障问题
完成局域网及虚拟局域网故障处理
解决路由协议问题
解决IP地址及主要配置问题
解决运转网络的设备故障问题
解决访问控制列表引起的故障问题
执行简单的广域网故障处理
4、网络技术要点:
用OSI分层模型描述网络通信
描述生成树协议的处理过程
比较对照个中局域网环境的主要特性
评估路由协议特征
评估TCP/IP协议通信处理过程及相关协议组
描述网络设备组件特性
评估TCP/IP协议通信处理过程及相关协议组
评估网络设备组件特性
评估数据包处理规则
评估广域网关键特性
CCNA 640-801考试大纲详情
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
849分 120分钟 55-65题 INTRO ICND
640-821 INTRO
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
75分钟 45-550题 INTRO
640-811 ICND
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
90分钟 40-50题 ICND
更多关于CCNA的考试介绍和学习建议可以参考《CCNA认证专题-考试篇》
http://www.itexamprep.com/cn/cisco/cert/ccna/exams.htm
CCDA考试介绍、考点分析、考试时间、通过分数汇总
CCDA 640-861考试大纲详情
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
825分 120分钟 62题 CCDA
CCDA 640-861
考试时间:75分钟
考题数目:62题
及格分数:825分
CCDA 640-861 考点
Analysis
Gather and evaluate information regarding an organization's existing social requirements
Gather and evaluate information regarding a network owner's current data network and future needs
Gather and evaluate information regarding a network owner's current voice network and future needs
Identify possible opportunities for network improvement
Validate gathered information
Document relevant findings
Modeling
Given a network design or set of requirements evaluate a solution that meets IP addressing needs
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution that meets routing protocol needs
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution that meets network management needs
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution to incorporate equipment and technology within a Campus design
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution to incorporate equipment and technology within an Enterprise Edge design
Design solutions to meet network owner needs applying the Enterprise Composite Network Model
Evaluate solutions addressing the issues of delivering voice traffic over a data network
Evaluate solutions for compliance with SAFE architecture
Planning
Develop an implementation plan
Develop a prototype testing plan
Develop a verification plan
CCNA 640-801考试大纲详情
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
849分 120分钟 55-65题 INTRO ICND
640-821 INTRO
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
75分钟 45-550题 INTRO
640-811 ICND
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
90分钟 40-50题 ICND
更多关于CCNA的考试介绍和学习建议可以参考《CCNA认证专题-考试篇》
http://www.itexamprep.com/cn/cisco/cert/ccna/exams.htm
CCDA考试介绍、考点分析、考试时间、通过分数汇总
CCDA 640-861考试大纲详情
及格分数 考试时间 考试题数 对应培训课程代码
825分 120分钟 62题 CCDA
CCDA 640-861
考试时间:75分钟
考题数目:62题
及格分数:825分
CCDA 640-861 考点
Analysis
Gather and evaluate information regarding an organization's existing social requirements
Gather and evaluate information regarding a network owner's current data network and future needs
Gather and evaluate information regarding a network owner's current voice network and future needs
Identify possible opportunities for network improvement
Validate gathered information
Document relevant findings
Modeling
Given a network design or set of requirements evaluate a solution that meets IP addressing needs
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution that meets routing protocol needs
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution that meets network management needs
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution to incorporate equipment and technology within a Campus design
Given a network design or a set of requirements evaluate a solution to incorporate equipment and technology within an Enterprise Edge design
Design solutions to meet network owner needs applying the Enterprise Composite Network Model
Evaluate solutions addressing the issues of delivering voice traffic over a data network
Evaluate solutions for compliance with SAFE architecture
Planning
Develop an implementation plan
Develop a prototype testing plan
Develop a verification plan
MCSE与CCNA比较
首先简要地说明一下，MCSE和CCNA是两个方向的认证，没有直接的可比较性，两者更多的是知识的互补性，但 www.ITExamPrep.com 还是将大多数初学者提出的问题整理归纳了以下几个方面的比较。
从基础要求来看:CCNA学习时间短
就一般人而言，CCNA涉及了基础的网络知识和设备，还需要CISCO设备的支持，学习周期大约在1-3个月左右
MCSE日常应用多易上手，而且单机就可以实现其大部分认证考试要求，7门科目的学习周期至少为3-6个月左右。
从学习成本来看:CCNA成本低
CCNA只涉及1门考试，考试费用在1250元，如果自学的话，再加上书本教材资料费用不会超过2000元;
而MCSE则有7门考试，光考试费用就为450×7=3150元。
从就业方向来看:CCNA专业性强
CCNA就业方向有系统集成、网络调试安装维护等。
MCSE适宜职位有系统管理员、网络管理员等。
从工作内容来看:CCNA要求动手能力
CCNA则是简单的CISCO设备调试和基础的网络知识;
MCSE是面向Windows环境下的网络、系统的管理、配置、维护;
就一般人而言，我们ITExamPrep.com建议对于急需证书的学员而言，可以选择CCNA，时间短、见效快、性价比高。
CCNP认证概述
CCNP认证(思科认证网络专业人员)表示通过认证的人员具有丰富的网络知识。获得CCNP认证的专业人员可以为具有100到500多个节点的大型企业网络安装、配置和运行LAN、WAN和拔号访问业务。他们可以使用的协议包括，但不限于IP, IGRP, IPX, Async Routing, AppleTalk, Extended Access Lists Route, IP RIP, Redistribution, RIP, Route Summarization,OSPF, VLSM, BGP, Serial, Frame Relay,ISDN, ISL, X.25, DDR,PSTN, PPP, VLAN, Ethernet, Access Lists, 802.10, FDDI, Transparent 和Translational Bridging.
考取CCNP认证的前提是必须首先通过CCNA认证。CCNP考试从1998年设立以来经过多次更改，目前考取最新CCNP有两种途径:一是801+811+821+831，另外一种是891+821+831。
CCNP认证考试详情
CCNP 642-801 BSCI
考试时间:105分钟
考题数目:55-65题
及格分数:776分
考试内容:
List the key information routers needs to route data
Describe classful and classless routing protocols
Describe link-state router protocol operation
Compare classful and classless routing protocols
Compare distance vector and link state routing protocols
Describe concepts relating to extending IP addresses and the use of VLSMs to extend IP addresses
Describe the features and operation of EIGRP
Describe the features and operation of single area OSPF
Describe the features and operation of multi-area OSPF
Explain basic OSI terminology and network layer protocols used in OSI
Identify similarities and differences between Integrated IS-IS and OSPF
List the types of IS-IS routers and their role in IS-IS area design
Describe the hierarchical structure of IS-IS areas
Describe the concept of establishing adjacencies
Describe the features and operation of BGP
Explain how BGP policy-based routing functions within an autonomous system
Explain the use of redistribution between BGP and Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
Implementation and Configuration
Given a set of network requirements, identify the steps to configure an Enhanced IGRP environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Given an addressing scheme and other laboratory parameters, identify the steps to configure a single-area OSPF environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Given an addressing scheme and other laboratory parameters, identify the steps to configure a multiple area OSPF environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Given an addressing scheme and other laboratory parameters, identify the steps to configure Cisco routers for proper Integrated IS-IS operation
Identify the steps to select and configure the different ways to control routing update traffic
Identify the steps to configure router redistribution in a network
Identify the steps to configure policy-based routing using route maps
Given a set of network requirements, identify the steps to configure a BGP environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Identify the steps to configure a router for Network Address Translation with overload, static translations, and route maps.
Design
Describe the three-layer hierarchical design model and explain the function of each layer: Access, Distribution and Core
Given specific requirements, choose the correct routing protocol to meet the requirements
Identify the correct IP addressing scheme, including features of IPv6
Describe the concepts relating to route summarization and apply them to hypothetical scenarios
Troubleshooting
Identify the steps to verify OSPF operation in a single area
Identify the steps to verify OSPF operation in multiple areas
Identify verification methods which ensure proper operation of Integrated IS-IS on Cisco routers
Identify the steps to verify route redistribution
Describe the scalability problems associated with internal BGP
Interpret the output of various show and debug commands to determine the cause of route selection errors and configuration problems
Identify the steps to verify Enhanced IGRP operation
附录:
新版本的642-801增加IPV6内容，NAT转换采用更高级的Route-map控制，增加ODR协议，去掉IGRP协议，EIGRP协议中增加STUB区域，ISIS协议中去掉抽象理论，增加实用配置，BGP中去掉Router Reflector , 增加12.2 IOS版本新技术。
CCNA 642-811 BCMSN
考试时间:105分钟
考题数目:55-65题
及格分数:690分
考试内容:
Technology
Describe the Enterprise Composite Model used for designing networks and explain how it addresses enterprise network needs for performance, scalability and availability
Describe the physical, data-link and network layer technologies used in a switched network, and identify when to use each
Explain the role of switches in the various modules of the Enterprise Composite Model (Campus Infrastructure, Server Farm, Enterprise Edge, Network Management)
Explain the function of the Switching Database Manager [specifically Content Addressable Memory (CAM) and Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM)] within a Catalyst switch
Describe the features and operation of VLANs on a switched network
Describe the features of the VLAN trunking protocols including 802.1Q, ISL (emphasis on 802.1Q) and dynmic trunking protocol
Describe the features and operation of 802.1Q Tunneling (802.1QinQ) within a service provider network
Describe the operation and purpose of managed VLAN services
Describe how VTP versions 1 and 2 operate including domains, modes, advertisements, and pruning
Explain the function of the Switching Database Manager [specifically Content Addressable Memory (CAM) and Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM)] within a Catalyst switch
Explain the operation and purpose of the Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) on a switched network
Identify the specific types of Cisco route switch processors, and provide implementation details
List and describe the operation of the key components required to implement interVLAN routing
Explain the types of redundancy in a multilayer switched network including hardware and software redundancy
Explain how IP multicast operates on a multilayer switched network, including PIM, CGMP and IGMP
Describe the quality issues with voice traffic on a switched data network, including jitter and delay
Describe the QoS solutions that address voice quality issues
Describe the features and operation of network analysis modules on Catalyst switches to improve network traffic management
Describe Transparent LAN Services and how they are implemented in a service provider network
Implementation and Operation
Convert CatOS to native IOS on Catalyst switches and manage native IOS images according to best practices
Configure access ports for static and multi-VLAN memebership
Configure and verify 802.1Q trunks
Configure and verify ISL trunks
Configure VTP domains in server, client and transparent modes
Enable Spanning Tree on ports and VLANs
Configure Spanning Tree parameters including: port priority, VLAN priority, root bridge, BPDU guard, PortFast and UplinkFast
Implement IP technology on a switched network with auxiliary VLANs
Configure and verify router redundancy using HSRP, VRRP, GLBP, SRM, and SLB
Configure QoS features on multilayer switched networks to provide optimal quality and bandwidth utilization for applications and data
Configure Fast EtherChannel and Gigabit EtherChannel to increase bandwidth for interswitch connections
Planning and Design
Compare end-to-end and local VLANs, determine when to use each
Design a VLAN configuration with VTP to work for a given specific scenario
Select multilayer switching architectures, given specific multilayer switching needs
Describe the general design models when implementing IP telephony in a switched network environment
Plan QoS implementation within a multilayer switched network
Troubleshooting
Troubleshoot common VLAN problems on a switched network
Tune and troubleshoot spanning-tree protocol on a multilayer switched network to enhance network performance, prevent network loops, and minimize downtime
Identify interVLAN routing performance and scalability issues, and propose solutions
Verify and troubleshoot interVLAN routing on a switched network
Identify QoS implementation issues at the network access layer
Identify QoS implementation issues at the network distribution and core layers
附录:
新版本的642-811变化最大，Cisco引入AVVID架构概念，IOS采用Native IOS版本，淡化CATOS;在VLAN中引入802.1Q Trunking(Q in Q) ，Spanning Tree 加入RSTP (802.1w)、 MST、CST，加入的Feature 最多，包括 BPDU Guard、BPDU Filter、Root Guard、Loop Guard等，此外增加UDLD，LACP等协议。
在三层交换机中更加细致的讲述了CEF—Based MLS，对于高可用网络加入RPR，RPR+，IRDP，在HSRP的基础上，增加了VRRP，GLBP，SRM，SLB。对于多播部分加入了IGMPv3,还加入了Cisco IP Telephony技术。QoS是BCMSN的重点，除了传统的WFQ，PQ, CQ还引入了LLQ，CBWFQ，WRRQ以及MQC语言和NBAR Feature。
对于网络分析功能，介绍SPAN，VSPAN，RSPAN和硬件NAM的配置。安全特性除了传统的AAA外，增加了Port Security，802.1X验证，访问列表增加了VACL，RACL，还有全新技术Private Vlan，该技术满足ISP宽带服务的相关需求。
最后介绍当代高速以太网——Metro Ethernet，包括:Sonet，DWDM，CWDM，MPLSoE等新兴技术。
CCNA 642-821 BCRAN
考试时间:105分钟
考题数目:55-65题
及格分数:699分
考试内容:
General Knowledge
Describe how different WAN technologies can be used to provide remote access to a network, including asynchronous dial-in, Frame Relay, ISDN, cable modem, and DSL
Describe traffic control methods used to manage traffic flow on WAN links
Explain the operation of remote network access control methods
Identify PPP components, and explain the use of PPP as an access and encapsulation method
Describe the structure and operation of virtual private network technologies
Describe the process of Network Address Translation (NAT)
Implementation and Operation
Configure asynchronous modems and router interfaces to provide network access
Configure an ISDN solution for remote access
Configure frame relay operation and traffic control on WAN links
Configure access control to manage and limit remote access
Configure DSL operation using Cisco IOS
Configure VPN operation using Cisco IOS
Configure Network Address Translation (NAT)
Planning and Design
Design a Cisco remote access solution using asynchronous dial-up technology
Plan a Cisco ISDN solution for remote access or primary link back-up
Design a Cisco frame relay infrastructure to provide access between remote network components
Design a solution of access control to meet required specifications
Plan traffic shaping to meet required quality of service on access links
Troubleshooting
Troubleshoot non-functional remote access systems
Troubleshoot a VPN system
Troubleshoot traffic control problems on a WAN link
附录:
新版本的642-821删掉WIN 95/NT拨号配置，增加了DSL技术包括:ADSL，VDSL,SDSL，S.SHDSL，IDSL等DSL技术，PPPoE， PPPoA协议， Cable技术，此外增加了VPN包括IPSec和加密技术。该书的QoS和BCMSN课程相似，与以前相比变化很多。
CCNA 642-831 CIT
考试时间:105分钟
考题数目:55-65题
及格分数:706分
考试内容:
Technology
Identify troubleshooting methods
Explain documentation standards and the requirements for document control
Implementation and Operation
Establish an optimal system baseline
Diagram and document system topology
Document end system configuration
Verify connectivity at all layers
Select an optimal troubleshooting approach
Planning and Design
Plan a network documentation system
Plan a baseline monitoring scheme
Plan an approach to troubleshooting that minimizes system downtime
Troubleshooting
Use Cisco IOS commands and applications to identify system problems at all layers
Isolate system problems to one or more specific layers
Resolve sub-optimal system performance problems at layers 2 through 7
Resolve local connectivity problems at layer 1
Restore optimal baseline service
Work with external providers to resolve service provision problems
Work with system users to resolve network related end-use problems
附录:
新版本的642-831变化很大，从以前重点讲述技术转变为重点讲述技术文档的建立、完善和Troubleshooting流程及日志，并没有过多的Troubleshooting Case，该课程从侧面描述一名网络工程师或网络管理员的工作职责，也反映出当今中国网络工程师和网络管理员的各种通病，CIT的学习教会你如何Troubleshooting网络故障。
CCNP认证教材资料
CCNP的教材主要有Cisco的官方教材，您可以点击查看:Routing、Switching、Remote Access、Support。这个教材都是CISCO PRESS出版，讲解细致。不仅涵盖CCNP考试内容，而且讲解非常细致，比较适合初步接触网络的人士阅读。
另外一个不错的教材应该是Sybex的教材了.国内也有机械和电子出版社出版的中文CCNP教材，您可以在书店买到。
参加CCNP认证考试
CCNP的考试均可以在各个城市的Prometric考试中心或VUE考试中心进行，基本上是随到随考，没有固定的考试时间要求。
全国考试中心联系方式明细表
http://www.itexamprep.com/cn/cert/testcenters/index.htm
CCDP认证概述
CCDP是Cisco售前工程师认证体系的专业化高级认证。考取CCDP必须首先取得CCDA或者CCNA认证。
CCDP表示通过认证的人员具有丰富的网络设计知识。获得CCDP认证的专业人员可以为有100到500多个节点的企业和机构设计路由和交换网络(包括LAN、WAN和拨号访问业务)。
关于CCDP的最新情况可以参看《CCDP认证改庭换面》
http://www.itexamprep.com/cn/cisco/news/cs_news_030221.htm
CCDP认证考试大纲
642-801 BSCI
642-811 BCMSN
642-871 ARCH
CCNP 642-801 BSCI
考试时间:105分钟
考题数目:55-65题
及格分数:776分
考试内容:
List the key information routers needs to route data
Describe classful and classless routing protocols
Describe link-state router protocol operation
Compare classful and classless routing protocols
Compare distance vector and link state routing protocols
Describe concepts relating to extending IP addresses and the use of VLSMs to extend IP addresses
Describe the features and operation of EIGRP
Describe the features and operation of single area OSPF
Describe the features and operation of multi-area OSPF
Explain basic OSI terminology and network layer protocols used in OSI
Identify similarities and differences between Integrated IS-IS and OSPF
List the types of IS-IS routers and their role in IS-IS area design
Describe the hierarchical structure of IS-IS areas
Describe the concept of establishing adjacencies
Describe the features and operation of BGP
Explain how BGP policy-based routing functions within an autonomous system
Explain the use of redistribution between BGP and Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs)
Implementation and Configuration
Given a set of network requirements, identify the steps to configure an Enhanced IGRP environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Given an addressing scheme and other laboratory parameters, identify the steps to configure a single-area OSPF environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Given an addressing scheme and other laboratory parameters, identify the steps to configure a multiple area OSPF environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Given an addressing scheme and other laboratory parameters, identify the steps to configure Cisco routers for proper Integrated IS-IS operation
Identify the steps to select and configure the different ways to control routing update traffic
Identify the steps to configure router redistribution in a network
Identify the steps to configure policy-based routing using route maps
Given a set of network requirements, identify the steps to configure a BGP environment and verify proper operation (within described guidelines) of your routers
Identify the steps to configure a router for Network Address Translation with overload, static translations, and route maps.
Design
Describe the three-layer hierarchical design model and explain the function of each layer: Access, Distribution and Core
Given specific requirements, choose the correct routing protocol to meet the requirements
Identify the correct IP addressing scheme, including features of IPv6
Describe the concepts relating to route summarization and apply them to hypothetical scenarios
Troubleshooting
Identify the steps to verify OSPF operation in a single area
Identify the steps to verify OSPF operation in multiple areas
Identify verification methods which ensure proper operation of Integrated IS-IS on Cisco routers
Identify the steps to verify route redistribution
Describe the scalability problems associated with internal BGP
Interpret the output of various show and debug commands to determine the cause of route selection errors and configuration problems
Identify the steps to verify Enhanced IGRP operation
附录:
新版本的642-801增加IPV6内容，NAT转换采用更高级的Route-map控制，增加ODR协议，去掉IGRP协议，EIGRP协议中增加STUB区域，ISIS协议中去掉抽象理论，增加实用配置，BGP中去掉Router Reflector , 增加12.2 IOS版本新技术。