四、有关信用证的当事人问题
一般而言,信用证中主要涉及四个当事人,即申请人(APPLICANT)、开证行(ISSUING BANK)、通知行(ADVISING BANK)和受益人(BENEFICIARY)。此外,根据信用证是属于付款、承兑或议付的不同使用方式,会相应出现付款行(PAYING BANK)、承兑行(ACCEPTING BANK)或者议付行(NEGOTIATING BANK)。而且,开证行常常又为付款行或承兑行,承担第一性付款责任,并在信用证中作出如下承诺:“WE HEREBY ENGAGE WITH DRAWERS AND/OR BONA FIDE HOLDERS THAT DRAFTS DRAWN AND NEGOTIATED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS CREDIT WILL BE DULY HONOURED ON PRESENTATION.”(凡根据本信用证并按照其所列条款开具之汇票,向我行提示并交出本证规定之单据者,我行同意对其出票人、背书人及善意持有人履行承兑付款责任。)同样,通知行亦往往作为议付行或付款行,为受益人办理议付(NEGOTIATION)或押汇(BILL PURCHASED)。假如来证指定向第三家银行索偿(CLAIM REIMBURSEMENT),则该被指定行就是偿付行(REIMBURSING BANK),或开证行与通知行并无直接的业务代理关系,就会委托另一家银行证实并转递信用证,这个受托银行称为转递行(TRANSMITTING BANK)。例如,某来证经标准渣打(麦加利)银行,厦门分行(STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, XIAMEN BRANCH)转递,如此注明:“THE FOLLOWING TELEGRAM MESSAGE HAS BEEN RECEIVED FROM THE ISSUING BANK (ST. DENIS BANQUE DE LA REU NION) AND IS ADVISED TO YOU SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS GIVEN IN THE ATTACHED COVERING LETTER QUOTE WE OPEN IRREVOCABLE DOCUMENTARY CTREDIT NO.XXX WHICH PLEASE NOTIFY BY TLX ADDING YOUR CONFIRMATION THROUGH BANK OF CHINA, BEIHAI BRANCH.……”(兹收到开证行-留尼汪圣但尼银行如下电文,并依据附函所给条款通知你行:“我行开立不可撤消跟单信用证第某号,请加上你行保兑并经北海中行电告……”)从以上文句可看出,该标准渣打银行不仅是转递行,而且一旦保兑该信用证的话,它将同时成为保兑行(CONFIRMATING BANK),其性质如同开证行一样,必须承担独立的保证付款责任。当转递行兼以保兑行身份出现时,通常加注如下条款:“THIS LETTER OF CREDIT BEAR OUR CONFIRMATION AND WE UNDERTAKE TO HONOUR/NEGOTIATE DRAFTS ON PRESENTATION PROVIDED THEY ARE DRAWN AND PRESENTED IN CONFORMITY WITH THE TERMS OF THIS CREDIT”(本信用证由我行承担保兑责任,而且我行承诺承付或议付符合本证条件所出具并向我行提示之汇票)。这表示转递行已同意保兑(CONFIRMATION)。因而,对受益人来说,就有了双重的保障,另外,在可转让信用证的转让中,除了出现第一受益人或称转让人(THE FIRST BENEFICIARY OR TRANSFEROR)之外,还有第二受益人或称受让人(SECOND BENEFICIARY OR TRANSFEREE),以及根据第一受益人的要求,将信用证进行转让的银行,亦即是转让行(TRANSFERRING BANK)。
此外,在各国不同银行的来证中,申请人一词的英文表示多种多样,应加以识别。比如尼泊尔国民商业银行(RASTRIYA BANIJYA BANK MAIN BRANCH, NEPAL)来证的申请人一栏为“ON ACCOUNT OF M/S XXX”,提单条款为“COMPLETE SET OF NOT LESS THAN 3 SETS ‘ON BOARD’ CLEAN OCEAN BILL OF LADING CONSIGNED TO ‘RASTRIYA BANIJYA BANK’ MARK ‘FREIGHT PREPAID’ SHOWING NOTIFY PARTY AS ACCOUNTEE”,费用条款为“ALL BANK COMMISSION AND CHARGES ARISING UNDER THIS CREDIT OUTSIDE NEPAL ARE ON ACCOUNT OF OPENER”,以上条款中分别出现的“ON ACCOUNT OF ”、“ACCOUNTEE”和“OPENER”三个词语均表示同一意思,即申请人。类似词语在其它来证中还有许多,诸如“IMPORTER”、“BUYER”、“DRAWEE”、“ORDERERS”、“CUSTOMER”、“CLIENT”、“PRINCIPAL”、“ACCREDITOR”、“BY ORDER OF ”以及“ON BEHALF OF”等。相对地,受益人一词的英文表示亦不少,须予以区分。比如,埃及开罗阿拉伯国际银行(ARAB INTERNATIONAL BANK, CAIRO, EGYPT)来证开头用“FAVOUR”一词引导受益人,而产地证条款“CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN IN ONE ORIGINAL AND THREE COPIES ISSUED BY THE MANUFACTURES OR THE EXPORTERS STATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE FACTORY WHICH PRODUCED THE GOODS AND CERTIFYING THAT THESE GOODS ARE OF CHINA ORIGIN, ORIGINAL ONLY DULY LEGALIZED BY C.C.P.I.T.”中的“THE EXPORTERS”一词亦指受益人,还有其收费条款“ALL YOUR COMMISSION AND CHARGHS UNDER THIS CREDIT ARE TO BE BORNE BY THE SELLER”最未的“THE SELLER”一词也是指受益人。同类词语仍有“SHIPPER”、“SUPPLIER”、“DRAWER”以及“IN FAVOUR OF”等等,真可谓不胜枚举。因此,出口企业对来证中所有这些当事人的英文表示及其所处地位和作用等差异特征应作具体的分析和研究,这样才不会受其迷惑,以致失误。R THE EXPORTERS STATING NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE FACTORY WHICH PRODUCED THE GOODS AND CERTIFYING THAT THESE GOODS ARE OF CHINA ORIGIN, ORIGINAL ONLY DULY LEGALIZED BY C.C.P.I.T.”中的“THE EXPORTERS”一词亦指受益人,还有其收费条款“ALL YOUR COMMISSION AND CHARGHS UNDER THIS CREDIT ARE TO BE BORNE BY THE SELLER”最未的“THE SELLER”一词也是指受益人。同类词语仍有“SHIPPER”、“SUPPLIER”、“DRAWER”以及“IN FAVOUR OF”等等,真可谓不胜枚举。因此,出口企业对来证中所有这些当事人的英文表示及其所处地位和作用等差异特征应作具体的分析和研究,这样才不会受其迷惑,以致失误。