一、国际贸易术语解释通则的由来
1-1 课文：In order to provide a set of uniform rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade, ICC first published in 1936 a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms known as “Incoterms 2000”.
核心句：to provide a set of rules for the interpretation of trade terms in foreign trade, ICC published international rules...
注释：
In order to: 为了...
Commonly: 一般的，通常的，普遍的 = generally, usually
Interpretation : 解释，说明
Trade terms: 贸易术语 (另外：比如 trade practices 贸易惯例 trade contract 贸易合同 等)
ICC:全称：International Chamber of Commerce.国际商会。
Incoterms: 全称：International Commercial Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则
Be known as: 统称为...，以...著称
这句话大致的意思是：为了给国际贸易中普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的统一规则，国际商会与1936年发布了一套用于诠释这些贸易术语的国际规则，统称为“国际贸易术语解释通则2000”。
1-2 课文：Later amendments and additions were made to it to bring the rules in line with current international trade practices.
注释：
Later : 稍候，随后 (另外latest: 最近的，最新的)
Amendment: 修改，修正(尤指对规则，法律，声明等条款的修正，修订，修改)
Addition: 增加物(在这里是指添加的条款和内容)
In line with: 与...一致，与...相同 (相反的是：out of line with)
Current: 现今的，当代的，时下的
Trade practices: 国际贸易惯例，国际贸易实践
这句话大致意思是：以后又对此通则作了修改和补充，以便使这些规则适应当前国际贸易实践的发展。
1-3 The latest edition is “Incoterms 2000”, which includes 13 different international trade terms. Each term specifies whether the buyer or the seller is responsible for arranging such necessities as export license, customs clearance, inspections, and other obligations.
注释：
Edition: ( 书籍，书刊等的)版本，版次。
Specify: 具体说明，详细说明，规定(名词：specification: 说明书)
Whether...or...: 是...还是...
Be responsible for: 负责...，承担...责任
Necessity: 必须，需要(在这里是指“必须要做的事”)
Export license: 出口许可证
Inspection: 检验 (商品检验：commodity inspection)
Obligation: 职责，义务
后一句话我们可以换成这样一句来理解：
Each term specifies the traders must bear each relevant responsibility and obligation.即贸易商必须承担(bear)各自相关的责任和义务。
这段话大致的意思是：最新的版本是“国际贸易术语解释通则2000”，它包含了13个不同的国际贸易术语。每一个贸易术语都明确规定由谁来办理出口许可证，出口清关，商品检验及其他义务。
1-4 They specify at which point the risk of loss and/or damage passes from seller to buyer as well as which party pays for specific activities.
注释：
They = 13 trade terms
Point: 在这里是一个抽象的概念，指“在空间或者时间真实的或想象当中的某一点”例如：at this point = at this moment / at this place (在此刻，在此地)
Risk: 风险
Activity: 活动，行为(复数形式尤指“所作的事务，待做的工作”)
这句话我们理解为：The 13 trade terms specify the transfer of risks(风险的转移)and division of costs.(费用的划分)
这句话大致的意思是：这13个术语还明确了丢失及/或损坏的风险在哪一点由卖方转移到买方，以及哪方面承担相应的费用。
1-5 A buyer and a seller who conduct their purchase and sale under one of the Incoterms, therefore, will have a mutual understanding of their rights, costs, and obligations.
注释：
Conduct: 管理，经营，处理=manage, control
Purchase:购买 = buy
Mutual: 相互的，彼此的 (have a mutual understanding: 对于...达到共识)
Therefore: 因此，为此
这句话的大致意思是：买方和卖方如果采用通则中的一个术语做贸易的话，就会清楚双方各自的权利、需支付的费用以及各自的义务。
二、六个主要的贸易术语(其中传统的贸易术语有三个：FOB,CFR,CIF;在传统基础上新发展的贸易术语有三个：FCA, CPT, CIP ) (考试重点)
2-1 传统的三个贸易术语
FOB – Free On Board (...named port of shipment) 船上交货(指定装运港)
定义：means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named part of shipment. 指当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷,卖方即完成交货。
注释：pass: 越过，通过; ship’s rail: 船舷; named: 指定的
这个术语应注意以下几点：
1. The buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. 即买方在货物越过船舷之后承担所有的费用，风险和损失。
2. FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.即FOB条款要求由卖方办理货物的出口清关手续。
3. FOB term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport.即FOB条款只适用于海运或者是内河运输。
注释：inland waterway transport: 内河运输
CFR - Cost and Freight (... named port of destination) 成本加运费(指定目的港)
定义：means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.指当货物在指定的装运港越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。
这个术语应注意以下几点：
1. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. 即卖方必须支付货物运至目的港所需要的运费和费用。(与FOB的区别)
2. But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. 但是交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于各种条件造成的任何额外费用，即由卖方转移到买方。(风险的划分与FOB不一样的。是在目的港船舷。)
注释：occur:(事件等)发生;events: 事件 transfer: 转移
3. CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.即由卖方负责办理货物的出口清关手续。(同FOB)
4. CFR term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport.即CFR只适用于海运和内陆水路运输(同FOB)
CIF-Cost, Insurance, and Freight (...named port of destination) 成本，保险费加运费(指定目的港)
定义:means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.即当货物在装运港越过船舷之后，卖方即完成交货义务。
这个术语我们应该注意以下几点：
1. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination. 即卖方必须支付货物运至目的港所需要的运费和费用。(同CFR)
2. But the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. 但是交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于各种条件造成的任何额外费用，即由卖方转移到买方。(风险的划分与CFR 是一样的)
3. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.但是，在CIF条件下，卖方还需要办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的海运保险。因此，由卖方签订保险合同并且支付保险费用(不同于FOB和CFR,)
注释：procure: (尤指用心或者费力)获得，取得，在这里我们引申为“办理”; against: 反对，对于 carriage: 运费，运输(在这里指的是“运输”);consequently: 因此，所以; contract:在这里是动词的用法，意为：签约，订立合同(常与with 和for连用); insurance premium: 保险费
4. CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. 即由卖方负责办理货物的出口清关手续。(同FOB和CFR)
2-2 在传统贸易术语基础上发展的三个贸易术语
FCA-Free Carrier (...named place) 货交承运人(指定地点)
定义：means that sellers delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.是指卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给由买方制定的承运人，并办理出口清关手续，即完成交货。
注释：nominated: 指定的，指派的
这一术语应注意以下几点：
1. Seller should clear the goods for export.卖方负责办理出口清关手续。
2. The chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。
- If delivery occurs at the seller’s premises, the seller is responsible for loading.如卖方在其所在地交货，则由卖方负责装货。
- If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.如卖方在任何其他地点交货，则卖方不负责卸货。
注释：impact: 常与on联用，对...施加影响;premise: 生产场所，经营场址(在这里引申为“所在地”之意)
3.FCA term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport.
FCA术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。
注释：irrespective: 常与of联用，意为：不论...的，任何的;multimodal transport:多式联运(multi-前缀,常表示“多种的”的意思)
4.If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person.若买方制定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行交货义务，(风险转移给买方)
注释：other than: 除了，不同于; be deemed to: 被视为; fulfill: 履行，完成。
CPT — Carriage Paid to (... named place of destination) 运费付至(指定目的地)
定义：means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. 指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方还必须支付货物运至目的地的运费。
注释：in addition: 另外
这一贸易术语要注意以下几点：
1. The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.
买方承担交货后的一切风险和其他费用。
2. CPT与CFR的区别
CPT has much in common with the term CFR. The major difference is that CFR can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport, while CPT can be used for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship’s rail, the CPT term is preferred.
CPT术语和CFR术语有很多相似之处。主要的区别在于CFR术语经用于海运和内陆和运输，而CPT术语可适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运。如果双方不打算将货物越过船舷交货，应使用CPT术语。
注释：in common with: 和...一样; major: 主要的;difference: 区别，不同之处; party: (条约，会议的) 参与者，常用复数形式与the联用，表示“(合约)双方”。Intend to: 打算做...;
across: 穿过，越过= pass; prefer : 更喜欢...，更倾向于...(preferred: 首选的)
CIP — Carriage and Insurance Paid to (... named place of destination ) 运费加保险费付至(指定目的地)
定义：means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination.指卖方向其指定的承运人交货，但卖方必须支付货物运至目的地的运费。
这个术语应该注意以下几点：
1. The buyer bears all risks and any additional costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.买方承担交货后的一切风险和费用。
2. The seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. 卖方必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的保险。因此由卖方订立保险合同并支付保险费。
3. CIP may be used irrespective of the mode of transport including multi-modal transport. CIP术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。