一、Transport Geography 运输地理
1-1课文：An international freight forwarder should be familiar with international trade routes.
注释：be familiar with: 熟悉... trade routes: 贸易线路
课文意思：国际货运代理应熟悉国际贸易线路。
1-2 课文：He or she should have knowledge of main traffic routes, location of ports, trans-shipment points and inland centers.
注释：knowledge: 知识 (have knowledge of: 具备...知识，可以引申为“了解，熟悉” traffic routes: 运输线路 location: 位置 trans-shipment points: 转运地 inland centers: 内陆中心
课文大致意思：他(她)应该熟悉主要的交通线路，港口的位置，转运地和内陆中心。
1-3 课文：A freight forwarder should also have a general idea of the pattern of international trade and its changing trends.
注释：idea: 概念，注意，明白 pattern: 型式，模式 trend: 走向，方向，趋势，倾向
课文意思: 一个货运代理人还应该对国际贸易的模式和其改变的趋势有一个整体的概念。
二、Different Types of shipping services 不同类型的海上运输服务 (考试重点)
2-1 课文：The international shipping market offers four types of service, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vessel operation common carriers and tramp service.
注释：namely: 即，就是，换句话说(=that is) conference lines: 班轮公会运输 non-conference lines: 非班轮公会运输 non-vessel operation common carriers: 无营运船公共承运人 tramp service: 不定期船运输 (tramp: 在这里是指的“不定期航行”)
课文意思：国际海上运输市场提供了四种类型的服务，即班轮公会运输，非班轮公会运输，无营运船公共承运人和不定期船运输
2-2 Conference Lines 班轮公会运输
2-2.1课文：A shipping conference is a group of shipping lines operating in any particular route under agreement to provide a scheduled service with a common tariff and a fixed itinerary of ports of call.(班轮公会的定义，了解一下)
注释：shipping conference:班轮公会 group: 团体，集团 shipping lines: 班轮运输 operating: 运行的，操作的 particular: 特殊的，特定的 under agreement: 按照协议的，在这里引申为“预定的” scheduled: 按船期表的 tariff:费率表，运费表(我们最常用的词义是“关税”) fixed:固定的 itinerary:路线，旅行计划 ports of call: 挂靠港，停靠港
课文意思：班轮公会是按预定的船期表在特定的航线上从事营运的班轮公司的组织，具有共同的费率表、固定的挂靠港。
2-2.2课文: The purpose of a shipping conference is to eliminate price competition among member lines and reduce outside competition by trying to capture most of the traffic for member lines through loyalty arrangements with shippers.
注释：purpose:目的 eliminate：消除，除去 price competition: 运价竞争 member lines: 会员公司 reduce:减少 outside competition: 外部竞争 capture:获得，争取(原义是“捕获”) traffic: 在这里是“买卖，交易”的意思 loyalty: 忠诚，忠实(loyalty agreement: 忠诚协议) shipper:托运人
课文意思：班轮运输的目的是消除会员公司之间在运价上的竞争，通过与托运人之间达成的忠诚协议为会员争取大量货源，以减少外部竞争。
2-2.3
对于托运人来说班轮公会运输的优势(两点)：
1. Stability of freight rates. 稳定的运费率 (stability: 稳定，稳定性)
2. Regularity of services. 定期的运输服务 (regularity:定期，规则，规则性)
班轮公会运输的缺点(三点)：
1. Rates are usually high. 费率一般很高
2. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in a tramp service.费率不会像不定期船那样随供求关系的变化而变动。(fluctuate:变化，变动;supply and demand:供求)
3. Rules and procedures are inflexible.规则和程序不灵活(rules:规则;procedure:程序，手续;inflexible:不灵活的)
2-3 Non-conference lines 非班轮公会运输
2-3.1 课文：In recent years, along most international routes, non-conference lines have posed a challenge to conference system.
注释：in recent years: 近几年 along: 沿着 pose a challenge to: 对...提出挑战
课文意思：近几年，出现在大多数国际航线上的非班轮公会运输，对班轮公会提出了挑战。
2-3.2 课文：This is attributable to the development of containerization and emergence of many independent carriers.
注释：attributable: 可归于...的(be attributable to: 可归因于) containerization: 集装箱运输，货柜运输 emergence: 出现，发生 independent carriers: 独立承运人
课文意思：这是由于集装箱运输和许多独立承运人的出现。
2-3.3 课文：As a result, along some routes, the conference lines have been forced to come to terms with the non-conference lines in regard to rates, and terms and condition of service.
注释：as a result: 结果 be forced to: 被迫去做... come to terms: 达成协议，妥协，让步 in regard to: 关于(=regarding, with regard to) terms: 价钱，费用 condition: 条件。
课文意思：结果航运公会被迫在运价、运输条件上和非班轮公会公司达成协议。
2-4 Non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) 无营运船公共承运人
2-4.1 课文：An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. (无船承运人的定义，了解一下)
注释：operate: 营运 vessel: 船舶 sea transportation: 海上运输
课文意思：无船承运人是从事定期营运的承运人，但并不拥有或经营海上运输所需的船舶。
2-4.2 课文：Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier.
注释：in relationship with: 与...的关系
课文意思：尽管无船承运人相对于实际托运人是承运人，而相对于实际承运人是托运人。
2-4.3课文：He assumes the role of the principal and performs several functions.
注释：assume: 担任，承担(assume a role of: 担任...角色)principal: 主要的，最重要的，负责人(在这里是指“委托人”) function: 职责，功能，作用，效力
课文意思：(无船承运人)担任负责人的角色并履行一些职责
2-4.4 课文：He assumes responsibility for ocean carriers, both conference and non-conference lines.
注释：assume responsibility: 负责，承担责任ocean carrier: 海上承运人
课文意思：(无船承运人)对海上承运人负责，包括班轮运输和非班轮运输。
2-4.5 课文：He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services, particularly to small shippers who do not have much bargaining power in negotiating rates.
注释：render: 给与 groupage or consolidation services: 拼箱或集运服务( groupage: 拼箱，拼装(小批量)货物consolidation: 拼箱，集运货物) bargaining: 讨价还价 negotiating rate: 谈判价
课文意思：(无船承运人)通过提供拼箱或集运服务给予托运人有效的服务，特别是对那些在谈判价格中没有多少讨价还价能力的小的托运人。
2-5 Tramp service 不定期船运输
2-5.1 课文：Tramp service has no fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand. (不定期船的定义，了解一下)
注释：according to ：根据，按照
课文意思：不定期船运输没有固定的路线或者船期表，根据供求情况在任何线路上营运。
2-5.2 课文：Tramp vessels are usually chartered at negotiated rates, particularly when the quantity of cargo is large.
注释：charter: 租赁，包租
课文意思：通常是在谈判价格下租赁不定期船船舶，特别是当货物的数量很大的时候。
三、Shipping documents 货运单证 (考试重点)
3-1 课文：The documents commonly used in carriage of goods by sea are bills of lading, sea waybills, manifests, shipping notes, delivery orders and mate’s receipts.
注释：bills of lading: 提单 sea waybills: 海运单 manifests: 舱单 shipping notes: 托运单 delivery orders: 提货单 mate’s receipts: 大副收据
课文意思：海上货物运输常用的单证包括提单、海运单、舱单、托运单、提货单和大副收据。
3-2 bill of lading 提单
3-2.1 课文：The bill of lading by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage.
注释：evidence of contract of carriage：海上运输合同的证明
课文意思：提单本身不是运输合同，因为它只是由承运人签署的，但是它是海上运输合同的证明。
3-2.2 课文：It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier.
注释：serve as: 作为 receipt: 收据
课文意思：提单是货物交付给承运人的收据。
3-2.3 课文：Besides, the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsement.
注释：besides: 另外 document of title: 物权凭证 endorsement: 背书
课文意思：另外，提单可作为物权凭证，使提单通过背书，将货物的所有权从托运人转移到收货人或者其他方手中。
3-3 Sea waybill 海运单
3-3.1 课文：A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading.
注释: replacement: 代替，替换 traditional: 传统的
课文意思：海运单替代了传统的海洋提单。
3-3.2 课文：The waybill is a non-negotiable document and made out to a named consignee who is allowed, upon production of proper identification, to claim the goods without presenting the waybill.
注释：non-negotiable: 不可转让的，不流通的 make out: 书写，填写(=fill out) named: 指定的 allowed:承认的，允许的 proper: 正确的，适当的 identification: 证明 claim: 要求，主张
课文意思：海运单是一种不可流通的单证，且填写了经承认的指定收货人，在提供了货物身份证明后，无须出示提单即可提货。
3-3 Cargo manifest 货物舱单
3-3.1 课文：A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board.
注释：regarding: 关于 on board: 在船上，已装船
课文意思：货物舱单提供已装船货物的信息。
3-3.2 课文：A freight manifest gives information regarding freight rates, surcharges, rebates, etc.
注释：freight rate: 运费 surcharge: 附加费 rebate: 折扣，回扣
货物舱单提供了运费，附加费，折扣等的信息。
3-3.3 课文：The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent but the freight forwarder has to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.
注释：handle: 处理，控制 deal with: 安排，处理 port authorities: 港务局
课文意思：货物舱单是由承运人代理准备的，但是货运代理人必须持有货物舱单与海关和港务局(办理货物进出口)。
3-4 Shipping note 托运单
3-4.1 课文：A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space.
注释：request: 要求，请求 allocation: 分配，配置 shipping space: 舱位
课文意思：托运单是托运人签发给承运人要求分配舱位的单证。
3-4.2 课文：It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.
注释：commitment: 承诺，委托 preparation: 准备，预备
课文意思：托运单是托运人委托运输货物，作为准备提单的基础。
3-5 Delivery order 提货单
课文：A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo (import cargo) from the vessel.
课文意思：提货单是由承运人或其代理签发给收货人或其代理，使后者能够从船上提货。
3-6 Mate’s receipts 大副收据
课文：A mate’s receipt is the receipt issued by the carrier in the acknowledgement of the goods received on board (export cargo) which is subsequently exchange for the bill of lading.
注释：in the acknowledgement of: 承认... subsequently: 后来，随后 exchange for: 交换，换取
课文意思：大副收据是由承运人签发，是对货物装船的确认，以后可用大副收据换取提单。
四、历年考试分析
1.( )is subsequently exchanged for the marine bill of lading. ( ) – 2004年单选
A. Booking note
B. Delivery order
C. Mate’s receipt
D. Cargo manifest
答案：C
分析：参考书中大副收据的内容，这句话是书中的原话。大幅收据以后可用来换取提单。
2.The booking note is issued by the ( ) requesting allocation of shipping space. -2005年单选
A. carrier to the agent
B. carrier to the shipper
C. shipper to the carrier
D. carrier to the consignee
答案：C
分析：参考书中托运单的内容(shipping note), 托运单是由托运人签发给承运人要求分配舱位的单据。
3.Normally the marine bill of lading has three functions, namely ( ).2004年多选题。
A. evidence of the contract of carriage
B. a receipt of goods
C. a document of title to the goods
D. the contract of carriage
答案：ABC
分析：提单的三大功用是：海上货物合同的运输证明;货物交付给承运人的收据;物权凭证
4.Mate’s receipt is issued by the forwarder to the shipper. ( ) – 2004年判断题
答案：错
分析：大副收据是由承运人签发的，而不是由货运代理人签发的。
5. A booking note is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading. ( ) -2006年判断题
答案：对
分析：托运单是由托运人根据买卖合同和信用证的有关内容向承运人或他的代理人办理货物运输的书面凭证。经承运人或其代理人对该单的确认，即表示已接受这一委托，承运人与托运人之间对货物运输的相互关系即告建立。托运单是提单制作的基础。这道题也是课文中的原话。
五、课后习题
5-1、单选题
1. An NVOCC probably provides ( )
A. tramp service
B. consolidation service
C. a vessel operated by itself
D. flight service
答案：B.
2. The cargo manifest is prepared by ( )
A. shipper
B. carrier’s agent
C. consignee
D. freight forwarder
答案：B
3. Which of the following documents can be used to exchange for the bill of lading ( )
A. cargo manifest
B. shipping note
C. delivery order
D. mate’s receipt
答案：D
4. Non-conference lines have no ( )
A. fixed itinerary
B. common tariff
C. regular service
D. vessel of theirs
答案：B
5-2 多选题
1.Conference lines have ( )
A. fixed itinerary
B. common tariff
C. regular service
D. stable freight rates
答案：ABCD
2.Tramp service have no ( )
A. fixed itinerary
B. common route
C. negotiated rate
D. regular service
答案：ABC
3.Sea waybill is ( )
A. a non-negotiable document
B. negotiable documents
C. named consignee
D. issued by shipper
答案：AC