1.认识题目：形式和本质，题库的设计原则和分类以及测试的语言技能
articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively
examine claims and accompanying evidence
support ideas with relevant reasons and examples
sustain a well-focused, coherent discussion
control the elements of standard written English
1)陈述问题和现象的语言能力
2)表达观点
3)对观点进行支持，否定，综合评价的语言技能，包括对推理过程和逻辑的分析
4)分析现象存在的原因
5)表达一件事物或事件的利弊和综合影响的多元化思维和表达能力
6)考生观点不作为评判依据，但是提出观点的视角以及分析问题的能力是语言表达的前提基础，所以是训练的重点，也是考试测试的重点
2.理解宗旨；托福写作考试的目的——逻辑和论证
3.写作的评分体系
作文考试的形式
1.阅读+听记+写作 20分钟 字数 150-225
阅读材料为给定的观点加上对观点的支持信息，比如使用事实事例或者逻辑的分析，而听力内容是对阅读材料进行支持或者否定，否定批驳为主，考生需要把握听力中话语人对阅读材料的切入点，以及话语人如何表达怀疑，否定等。作为测试的评分重点在于
1)听力内容所有重点信息的全面与否
2)阅读内容信息和听力内容的相关联
3)语言表达的准确
2.独立写作论文 30分钟 字数最少300单词
独立写作的入手方式（阅读官方指南287页）
1.题目中关键词语的定义予以质疑和分析
2.按照命题给定的二分体系论证
3.总体抽象的入局
4.细节和个性的处理
5.对命题给定的纷争予以具体界定，提出综合多元思维
The task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might
1)agree absolutely with the claim,
2)disagree completely,
3)or agree with some parts and not others
4)question the assumptions the statement seems to be making
5)qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue
6)point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others
7)evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective
8)develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example
作文的评分体系
官方指南288页阅读，提出要点
1)detailed discussion
2)unified
3)coherent
4)varied sentence structure
5)not high-level vocabulary but word choice is correct
6)minor errors
7)the flow of meanings
讲解：
1.300单词（大约15-20句子）的篇章结构布局
2.何谓on-topic /off-topic
3.句子的衔接技术和艺术
4.句法结构的变化和复杂程度
5.小词的理念 （OG280页173题 借钱和友谊——如何使用高中词汇写出满分作文？）
6.思维的艺术和美的探索
什么是完美的篇章结构布局？
Introduction 导入段落的功能和内容
得分印象形成的关键
常见的错误（现场写作269页第29题：人类活动和地球争论）
应该写什么内容？
多少句子，多少单词？(1-3个句子，字数在30-80左右)
常用的容易掌握的写作开头方式学习：
1)问题 + 观点
2)观点
3)正反观点+选择
4)现象+问题+观点
5)观点+ 反驳
6)观点+ 支持
main body
2-4段落
每段字数和句子数量 100-150 单词左右， 大概5-8个句子
段落的节本结构：三层次理论
段落内部的衔接技术
段落的总分结构体系
段落内部的句法转变
词的选择
段落写作学习的方法：
conclusion
1-3个句子
写作训练的基本方法：
1.上我的课
2. 翻译
3.背诵
4.写日记
开头例文：
地球也许并不是为了人类生存才存在并且也许它原本不是今天这个样子的。人类在地球迄今为止上的所有活动无不对地球的健康产生了影响。至于这些影响到底是使地球变得更适于生存还是对地球造成了破坏则是一个永恒无法绝对回答的争议。
The earth perhaps does not exist for human beings to survive and thrive on it and it was, surely, not what it is today. （24words） All human activities on the earth have changed the landscape and exerted impacts on the health of the earth. Have the human activities harmed the earth? Or have the earth has changed a better place to live? The answers to these questions will vary considerably as time goes on and on.
总计75 words， 如果去掉首句24单词，文章开头依然成立，并且不失分。则构成典型的
（现象+ 问题 + 观点）开头风格。 文章中作者的观点非常明确，属于典型的中立写作布局开。
280页173道题目：借钱和友谊的论证
小词的价值
To borrow money from a friend has little to do with the maintenance of friendship because friendship depends less on money than on the love, honesty, and understanding between them. That is to say to borrow money will make the friendship stronger and closer if they love and understand each other. In this case, friendship will go on and on and on. However, without the love and mutual understanding friendship will be one day gone with the wind. Therefore it is clear that love and understanding is the very basis (foundation) of friendship which has been (figuratively) described as the light on the earth and the salt in the world. Money, on the contrary, is no.
段落内部的衔接分析
Social resources are similarly an indispensable prerequisite to a successful innovation. Many inventions have foundered because the social resources vital for their realization—the capital, materials, and skilled personnel—were not available. The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci are full of ideas for helicopters, submarines, and airplanes, but few of these reached even the model stage because resources of one sort or another were lacking. The resource of capital involves the existence of surplus productivity and an organization capable of directing the available wealth into channels in which the inventor can use it. The resource of materials involves the availability of appropriate metallurgical, ceramic, plastic, or textile substances that can perform whatever functions a new invention requires of them. The resource of skilled personnel implies the presence of technicians capable of constructing new artifacts and devising novel processes. A society, in short, has to be well primed with suitable resources in order to sustain technological innovation
段落的学习：翻译练习
OG273页81题 关于人和技术
The technological dilemma
二分法思维训练 on the one hand…on the other hand
正反训练rather
因果关系 and so…
Whatever the responses to modern technology, there can be no doubt that it presents contemporary society with a number of immediate problems that take the form of a traditional choice of evils, so that it is appropriate to regard them as constituting a “technological dilemma.” This is the dilemma between, on the one hand, the overdependence of life in the advanced industrial countries on technology, and, on the other hand, the threat that technology will destroy the quality of life in modern society and even endanger society itself. Technology thus confronts Western civilization with the need to make a decision, or rather, a series of decisions, about how to use the enormous power available to society constructively rather than destructively. The need to control the development of technology, and so to resolve the dilemma, by regulating its application to creative social objectives, makes it ever more necessary to define these objectives while the problems presented by rapid technological growth can still be solved.
总分结构的训练
These problems, and the social objectives related to them, may be considered under three broad headings. First is the problem of controlling the application of nuclear technology. Second is the population problem, which is twofold: it seems necessary to find ways of controlling the dramatic rise in the number of human beings and, at the same time, to provide food and care for the people already living on the Earth. Third, there is the ecological problem, whereby the products and wastes of technical processes have polluted the environment and disturbed the balance of natural forces of regeneration. When these basic problems have been reviewed it will be possible, finally, to consider the effect of technology on life in town and countryside, and to determine the sort of judgments about technology and society to which a study of the history of technology leads.
Nuclear technology
The solution to the first problem, that of controlling nuclear technology, is primarily political. At its root is the anarchy of national self-government, for as long as the world remains divided into a multiplicity of nation-states, or even into two power blocs, each committed to the defense of its own sovereign power to do what it chooses, nuclear weapons merely replace the older weapons by which such nation-states have maintained their independence in the past. The availability of a nuclear armoury has emphasized the weaknesses of a world political system based upon sovereign nation-states. Here, as elsewhere, technology is a tool that can be used creatively or destructively. But the manner of its use depends entirely on human decisions, and in this matter of nuclear self-control the decisions are those of governments. There are other aspects of the problem of nuclear technology, such as the disposal of radioactive waste and the quest to harness the energy released by fusion, but although these are important issues in their own right, they are subordinate to the problem of the use of nuclear weapons in warfare.
Population explosion
Assuming that the use of nuclear weapons can be averted, world civilization will have to come to grips with the population problem in the next few decades if life is to be tolerable on planet Earth in the 21st century. The problem can be tackled in two ways, both drawing on the resources of modern technology. In the first place, efforts may be made to limit the rate of population increase. Medical technology, which, through new drugs and other techniques, has provided a powerful impulse to the increase of population, also offers means of controlling this increase through contraceptive devices and through painless sterilization procedures. Again, technology is a tool that is neutral in respect to moral issues about its own use, but it would be futile to deny that artificial population control is inhibited by powerful moral constraints and taboos. Some reconciliation of these conflicts is essential, however, if stability in world population is to be satisfactorily achieved. Perhaps the experience of China, already responsible for one-quarter of the world's population, is instructive here: in an attempt to prevent the population growth from exceeding the ability of the country to sustain the existing standards of living, the government imposed a “one-child family” campaign in the 1970s, which is maintained by draconian social controls.
In the second place, even the most optimistic program of population control can hope to achieve only a slight reduction in the rate of increase by the end of the 20th century, so that an alternative approach must be made simultaneously in the shape of an effort to increase the world's production of food. Technology has much to contribute at this point, both in raising the productivity of existing sources of food supply by improved techniques of agriculture and better types of grain and animal stock, and in creating new sources of food by making the deserts fertile and by systematically farming the riches of the oceans. There is enough work here to keep engineers and food technologists busy for many generations.
Ecological balance
The third major problem area of modern technological society is that of preserving a healthy environmental balance. Though man has been damaging his environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are promoting a worldwide ecological crisis. This includes the dangers involved in destruction of the equatorial rain forests, the careless exploitation of minerals by open-mining techniques, and the pollution of the oceans by radioactive waste and of the atmosphere by combustion products. These include oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, which produce acid rain, and carbon dioxide, which may affect the world's climate through the so-called greenhouse effect. It was the danger of indiscriminate use of pesticides such as DDT after World War II that first alerted opinion in advanced Western countries to the delicate nature of the world's ecological system, presented in a trenchant polemic by the U.S. science writer Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring (1962); this was followed by a spate of warnings about other possibilities of ecological disaster. The great public concern about pollution in the advanced nations is both overdue and welcome. Once more, however, it needs to be said that the fault for this waste-making abuse of technology lies with man himself rather than with the tools he uses. For all his intelligence, man in communities behaves with a lack of respect for his environment that is both short-sighted and potentially suicidal.
Technological society
Much of the 19th-century optimism about the progress of technology has dispersed, and an increasing awareness of the technological dilemma confronting the world makes it possible to offer a realistic assessment of the role of technology in shaping society at the end of the 20th century.
Interactions between society and technology
In the first place, it can be clearly recognized that the relationship between technology and society is complex. Any technological stimulus can trigger a variety of social responses, depending on such unpredictable variables as differences between human personalities; similarly, no specific social situation can be relied upon to produce a determinable technological response. Any “theory of invention,” therefore, must remain extremely tentative, and any notion of a “philosophy” of the history of technology must allow for a wide range of possible interpretations. A major lesson of the history of technology, indeed, is that it has no precise predictive value. It is frequently possible to see in retrospect when one particular artifact or process had reached obsolescence while another promised to be a highly successful innovation, but at the time such historical hindsight is not available and the course of events is indeterminable. In short, the complexity of human society is never capable of resolution into a simple identification of causes and effects driving historical development in one direction rather than another, and any attempt to identify technology as an agent of such a process is unacceptable.