职称英语考试词汇基础:英语单词构词法(1)

来源:微学外语考试频道发布时间:2008-08-18

 英语的构词法主要有三种:合成法,派生法和转换法。
  合成法(composition)
  两个或两个以上独立的词一起出现,合成一个新词的方法就称为复合法,也叫合成法。所构成的词就叫复合词或合成词。合成词在英语中也是比较活跃的,常见的有复合形容词,复合名词,复合动词。
  复合形容词常用做定语,有时也用做表语。如:
  I have a five-year-old son. (定语)
  Are you airsick? (表语)
  职称英语文章中常见的复合形容词构词方法:
  形容词+名词+ed :absent-minded, good-tempered (形容词和其修饰的名词之间的关系e.g. absent-minded = (with) an absent mind)
  形容词+现在分词:good-looking, fine-sounding(系动词和表语之间的关系 e.g. good-looking= looking good)
  副词+现在分词:hardworking, far-reaching(动词和修饰该动词的副词之间的关系 e.g. hardworking = working hard)
  名词+现在分词:peace-loving(动词和其宾语之间的关系 e.g. peace-loving = loving peace)
  名词+表示被动的过去分词:state-owed, state-run(显示被动关系e.g. state-owed = owed by (the) state)
  副词+表示被动的过去分词:well-known, widespread(过去分词和修饰该动词的副词关系 e.g. well-known = known well )
  形容词+名词:large-scale, high-class(形容词和其修饰的名词之间的关系e.g. large-scale = (of) (a) large scale)
  名词+形容词:duty-free(免税的), airsick (晕飞机)(名词和与之相关的表语之间的关系(在这样的情况下,往往表示逻辑关系的介词会被省略掉) e.g. duty-free = (with) duty (being) free; 逻辑上的因果关系:e.g. (being) sick (of)air(plane))
  以职称英语书中用词为例:
  (Computer)In order for managers to be sure that the computer-based information that they are …
  名词+过去分词:Computer-based = based (on) computer 在计算机中使用的,计算机处理的
  比较:a New York-based company 建立在纽约的公司
  (Dangers Await Babies with Altitude) This is true in both high and low-income families.
  形容词+名词Low-income = (with) low income 收入低的
  (Science Fiction)Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going,…
  形容词+名词+ed : Clear-sighted = (with) clear sight 视力好的,聪明的, 英明的
  (Science Fiction) Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells, to mention just two well-known authors, have been translated into ...
  副词+过去分词: Well-known = known well 被很多人知道的,著名的
  (The Fridge) ..busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated housed
  副词+过去分词:Artificially-cooled = cooled artificially 人工降温的
  副词+过去分词:Artificially-heated = heated artificially 人工加热的
  复合名词数量也很多,可用做主语和宾语等。一些复合名词的构成实际上与其相对应的动词短语有关系, 如:
  Sightseeing took up the whole morning
  Sightseeing = seeing (the) sights 观光
  No smoking during take-off.
  Take-off = taking off (飞机)起飞

职称英语文章中常见的复合名词构成方法:
  名词+名词: bookworm (书虫)= book (书)+ worm(虫)
  动名词+名词:waiting-room (候车室,候诊室)= a room for waiting;
  sleeping-pill (安眠药)= a pill for sleeping
  名词+动名词:handwriting(手写)= writing by hand;
  sun-bathing (阳光浴)= bathing in sun
  动词+副词:get-together(聚会), break-through(突破)
  副词+动词:outbreak(爆发)
  以职称英语书中用词为例:
  (The Fridge) The milkman came daily.
  Milkman = milk + man (送奶人)
  (David Jones and His Salary) Despite his salary, earned by inventing new programs, with bonus payments and profit-sharing,…
  Profit-sharing --- sharing profit (利益分成)
  复合动词通常做谓语。如:
  They are now mass-producing this instrument.
  Mass-produce = produce (in a) mass (大规模生产)
  职称英语文章中常见的复合动词构成方法:不少复合动词与其对应的动词短语并没有关系。
  副词+动词:overthrow, undergo
  Overthrow =/= throw over (没有这个动词短语)
  经历(变迁等) Undergo =/= go under(沉没, 倒闭)
  以职称英语书中用词为例:
  (Science Fiction) In an age where science fact frequently overtakes science fiction,..Overtake =/= take over (接办, 接管)
  另外,副词,代词有些也是复合词。如:
  maybe, forever, myself, everything, whatever, moreover, however等。
  以下是我们给学员列出的职称英语中常见的复合词:
  afternoon 下午 afterwards 后来
  airmail 航空邮件 airport 机场
  airplane/aircraft 飞机 anybody / anyone任何人(用于疑问句/否定句)
  anyhow/anyway 无论如何 anything 任何事(用于疑问句/否定句)
  backwards 朝后 baseball 棒球
  basketball 篮球 football 足球
  bedroom 卧室 beforehand 预先
  birthday 生日 bookcase 书架
  breakdown 崩溃 businessman 商人
  butterfly 蝴蝶 chairman 主席
  classroom 教室 cocktail 鸡尾酒
  everybody 每个人 everyday 每天
  everything 任何事情 everywhere 各处
  everyone 任何人 fireman 消防队员
  overcome 克服 green-house 温室
  highway 公路 sunshine 阳光
  比较: afternoon (下午) = after(以后) + noon(中午)
  green-house (温室)=/= green(绿色的)+ house (房子);
  green-fingered =/= 绿手指(会园艺的)
  小结: 对于通过合成法构成的单词, 在分析其词义时,需要既借助构词法理性地记单词,又同时要注意某些单词的特殊词义。