1. 分词作定语
1) 分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语.其作用相当于一个定语从句.例如:
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
预定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
这是一个紧迫的问题.
2) 分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.
例如:
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人.
There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.
有许多学生在等待检查
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者.
3) 分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语.例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人.
The newly-built building is our office building.
这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼.
4) 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成.这类过去分词常作前置修饰语.例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有许多落叶.
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事.
常用的这一类词有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等.
2. 分词作宾语补足语
1) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等.例如:
When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.
当他们度假完回到家时,发现房子被盗了.(过去分词表示被动)
2) 在复合宾语中,用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系.例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音.
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他.