12、C++操作符优先级:
记忆方法:
去掉一个最高的,去掉一个最低的,剩下的是一、二、三、赋值;双目运算符中,顺序为算术、关系和逻辑,移位和逻辑位插入其中。
--摘自《C语言程序设计实用问答》
问题:如何记住运算符的15种优先级和结合性?
解答:C语言中运算符种类比较繁多,优先级有15种,结合性有两种。
如何记忆两种结合性和15种优先级?下面讲述一种记忆方法。
结合性有两种,一种是自左至右,另一种是自右至左,大部分运算符的结合性是自左至右,只有单目运算符、三目运算符的赋值运算符的结合性自右至左。
优先级有15种,记忆方法如下:
记住一个最高的:构造类型的元素或成员以及小括号。
记住一个最低的:逗号运算符。
剩余的是一、二、三、赋值——意思是单目、双目、三目和赋值运算符。
在诸多运算符中,又分为:算术、关系、逻辑。
两种位操作运算符中,移位运算符在算术运算符后边,逻辑位运算符在逻辑运算符的前面。
再细分如下:
算术运算符*,/,%高于+,-。
关系运算符中:>,>=,<和<=高于==,!=。
逻辑运算符中,除了逻辑求反(!)是单目外,逻辑与(&&)高于逻辑或(||)。
逻辑位运算符中,除了逻辑按位求反(~)外,按位与(&)高于按位半加(^),高于按位或(|)。
Prece dence | Operator | Description | Example | Over loadable | Associativity |
1 | :: | Scope resolution operator | Class::age = 2; | no | left to right |
2 | () | Function call | printf(“Hello world\n”); | yes | left to right |
() | Member initalization | c_tor(int x, int y) : _x(x), _y(y * 10) {} | yes | ||
[] | Array access | array[4] = 2; | yes | ||
-> | Member access from a pointer | ptr->age = 34; | yes | ||
. | Member access from an object | obj.age = 34; | no | ||
++ | Post-increment | for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout << i; | yes | ||
-- | Post-decrement | for (int i = 10; i > 0; i--) cout << i; | yes | ||
dynamic_cast | Runtime-checked type conversion | Y& y = dynamic_cast<Y&>(x); | no | ||
static_cast | Unchecked type conversion | Y& y = static_cast<Y&>(x); | no | ||
reinterpret_cast | Reinterpreting type conversion | int const* p = reinterpret_cast<int const*>(0x1234); | no | ||
const_cast | Cast away/Add constness | int* q = const_cast<int*>(p); | no | ||
typeid | Get type information | std::type_info const& t = typeid(x); | no | ||
3 | ! | Logical negation | if (!done) ... | yes | right to left |
not | Alternate spelling for ! | ||||
~ | Bitwise complement | flags = ~flags; | yes | ||
compl | Alternate spelling for ~ | ||||
++ | Pre-increment | for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) cout << i; | yes | ||
-- | Pre-decrement | for (i = 10; i > 0; --i) cout << i; | yes | ||
- | Unary minus | int i = -1; | yes | ||
+ | Unary plus | int i = +1; | yes | ||
* | Dereference | int data = *intPtr; | yes | ||
& | Address of | int *intPtr = &data; | yes | ||
sizeof | Size (of the type) of the operand in bytes | size_t s = sizeof(int); | no | ||
new | Dynamic memory allocation | long* pVar = new long; | yes | ||
new [] | Dynamic memory allocation of array | long* array = new long[20]; | yes | ||
delete | Deallocating the memory | delete pVar; | yes | ||
delete [] | Deallocating the memory of array | delete [] array; | yes | ||
(type) | Cast to a given type | int i = (int)floatNum; | yes | ||
4 | ->* | Member pointer selector | ptr->*var = 24; | yes | left to right |
.* | Member object selector | obj.*var = 24; | no | ||
5 | * | Multiplication | int i = 2 * 4; | yes | left to right |
/ | Division | float f = 10.0 / 3.0; | yes | ||
% | Modulus | int rem = 4 % 3; | yes | ||
6 | + | Addition | int i = 2 + 3; | yes | left to right |
- | Subtraction | int i = 5 - 1; | yes | ||
7 | << | Bitwise shift left | int flags = 33 << 1; | yes | left to right |
>> | Bitwise shift right | int flags = 33 >> 1; | yes | ||
8 | < | Comparison less-than | if (i < 42) ... | yes | left to right |
<= | Comparison less-than-or-equal-to | if (i <= 42) ... | yes | ||
> | Comparison greater-than | if (i > 42) ... | yes | ||
>= | Comparison greater-than-or-equal-to | if (i >= 42) ... | yes | ||
9 | == | Comparison equal-to | if (i == 42) ... | yes | left to right |
eq | Alternate spelling for == | ||||
!= | Comparison not-equal-to | if (i != 42) ... | yes | ||
not_eq | Alternate spelling for != | ||||
10 | & | Bitwise AND | flags = flags & 42; | yes | left to right |
bitand | Alternate spelling for & | ||||
11 | ^ | Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR) | flags = flags ^ 42; | yes | left to right |
xor | Alternate spelling for ^ | ||||
12 | | | Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR | flags = flags | 42; | yes | left to right |
bitor | Alternate spelling for | | ||||
13 | && | Logical AND | if (conditionA && conditionB) ... | yes | left to right |
and | Alternate spelling for && | ||||
14 | || | Logical OR | if (conditionA || conditionB) ... | yes | left to right |
or | Alternate spelling for || | ||||
15 | ? : | Ternary conditional (if-then-else) | int i = a > b ? a : b; | no | right to left |
16 | = | Assignment operator | int a = b; | yes | right to left |
+= | Increment and assign | a += 3; | yes | ||
-= | Decrement and assign | b -= 4; | yes | ||
*= | Multiply and assign | a *= 5; | yes | ||
/= | Divide and assign | a /= 2; | yes | ||
%= | Modulo and assign | a %= 3; | yes | ||
&= | Bitwise AND and assign | flags &= new_flags; | yes | ||
and_eq | Alternate spelling for &= | ||||
^= | Bitwise exclusive or (XOR) and assign | flags ^= new_flags; | yes | ||
xor_eq | Alternate spelling for ^= | ||||
|= | Bitwise normal OR and assign | flags |= new_flags; | yes | ||
or_eq | Alternate spelling for |= | ||||
<<= | Bitwise shift left and assign | flags <<= 2; | yes | ||
>>= | Bitwise shift right and assign | flags >>= 2; | yes | ||
17 | throw | throw exception | throw EClass(“Message”); | no | |
18 | , | Sequential evaluation operator | for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 10; i++, j++) ... | yes | left to right |