Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
注：1.interact 交往，相互影响
2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的
3.本段是多余段落，例证第一种 classical conditioning
4.mean a. 卑鄙的
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) neither of them
D) some other sorts of conditioning
注：应用题
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
through ____.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) both of them
D) neither of them
注：应用题， furry 有毛的
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
注：主题题，末端首句也是结论句
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
B) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
D) none of the above
注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。
●考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
注：1.past 和 widely accepted：老观点和大众观点，一般应该是否定的
2.used also to be widely：另一个老观点
3.In other words 概括老观点
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
注：1.behave 行为，举止
2.outcome 结果
3.with no reward except 双重否定，所以是肯定结构
4.本段阐述新观点
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
注： 1.study：开始做实验，抓住代表人物、实验目的、实验结果
2.第一句过程，第二句 notice 表示结果
3.found 表示实验结果
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
注：考第一个实验结果，notice 引导；B、C为等价选项。
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
注：考第二个实验结果，found 引导
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
注：1.observation 暗示着实验结果
2.fundamental 基本的；urge n.欲望；make sense of 理解
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
注：考第三个实验结果，observation 引导
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
注：考最后一段，最后一句的同义改写
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
注：主题题，第二段末句
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
阅读方法： 1.先看题干关键词再读文章，抓住考试原则句
2.文章详略程度的把握：细节举例快读，结论慢读
3.固定类型文章：实验型文章，分类型文章
4.主题题：主题句的确定方法
5.细节题：准确定位，主要考考试原则句
6.词汇题：根据上下文关系
7.推理题：正确答案在文章中存在
8.态度题：找直接评价语句