Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.
注：中立调和态度观点，A和B选项来自第三段第一句，错误推理
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades
注：D选项是错误推理
70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
A) ways to develop economy
B) systems of rewarding students
C) approaches to solving problems
D) methods of improving performance
注：1.token economy 是与“外部奖励”有关的内容
2.A选项是字面意思。有文章主题词的选项优选，本文主题词 reward
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe _________.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
61. By "... challenges explanation" ( Line 2, Para. 1) the author means that _________
A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
B) no explanation has been made up to now
C) it' s no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
D) it' s high time that an explanation was provided
62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________
A) the development of babies' early forms of language
B) the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
C) babies' strong desire to communicate
D) babies' intention to communicate
注：段落主题题
63. The author' s purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children _________.
A) usually obey without asking questions
B) are passive in the process of learning to speak
C) are born cooperative
D) learn to speak by listening
注：段落主题题
64. From the passage we learn that _________.
A) early starters can learn to speak within only six months
B) children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
C) imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
D) children have various difficulties in learning to speak
65. The best title for this passage would be _________.
A) How Babies Learn to Speak
B) Early Forms of Language
C) A Huge Task for Children
D) Noise Making and Language Learning
注：标题题
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
注：1.everyone agree 大众观点
2.challenge 挑战，难以解释
61. By "... challenges explanation" ( Line 2, Para. 1) the author means that _________
A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenon
B) no explanation has been made up to now
C) it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanation
D) it's high time that an explanation was provided
注：1.首句提出的观点和事实是矛盾的关系，所以选C
2.no+名词结构是绝对化选项，最好不选,所以排除A和B项
3.it's high time that 早该做...后面接虚拟语气