距离2012年12月英语四级考试的时间已经越来越近了,对于参加英语四级考试的学生来讲,英语四级的写作是一个大难关,为此,育路英语四级考试频道为考试提供了:大学英语四级写作大纲,希望可以帮助考生。
第一节 要求及分析
英语四级写作基本要求
写作体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。
分析:要求是:切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺,连贯性较好。基本无语言错误,仅有个别小错。该要求蕴涵着写作的四个基本考点:
1、 切题——所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求,并在内容上没有偏差。
2、 表达清楚、条理清晰——本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握,要求文章主题观点明确,有头有尾,论证说明安排有主次,有轻重。
3、 文字通顺,连贯性较好——本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用,要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯,不突兀。
4、 基本无语言错误——本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握,包括语法与拼写两部分。
第二节 应对策略与语言组织技巧
一、文字通顺连贯
英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志,根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则,一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词,否则句子是不符合语法规则的。如:
All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的两部分都有完整的主谓,但并没有连接词加以连接,故是错误的,应改为:Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分词形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子可以看出,复合句内部必须要有连接词,有时句子之间也需要连接词,而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系,是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系,以达到通顺之效果。
以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳:
总结关系过渡词语
generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude
比较对比关系过渡词语
similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless
列举关系过渡词语
for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another
因果关系过渡词语
because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence
让步关系过渡词语
although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that
强调关系过渡词语
anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt
递进关系
in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, what's more
时间顺序
afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while
方位序列
in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right
方式手段
as, as if, as though, the way,by
目的关系
that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that