模块 1 Economy
一、Chinese Economy
General terms
第一产业(农业) agriculture (primary industry)
第二产业(工业) manufacturing industry (secondary industry)
第三产业(服务业) service industry (tertiary industry)
主要经济指标 major economic indicators
国内生产总值 GDP gross domestic product (商品和劳务币值总和，不包括海外收入支出)
国民生产总值 GNP gross national product(商品和劳务币值总和，包括海外收入支出)
人均国内生产总值 GDP per capita
国有企业 state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
集体企业 collectively-owned (partnership) enterprises
私营企业 private businesses
民营企业 non-governmental businesses
中小企业 small-and-medium-sized enterprises
三资企业(中外合资、中外合作、外商独资) overseas-invested enterprises; foreign-invested enterprises (Chinese-overseas equity joint ventures, Chinese-overseas contractual joint ventures, wholly foreign- owned enterprises)
宏观经济 macro economy
长期国债 long-term treasury bonds
实际增长率 growth rate in real terms
年均增长率 average growth rate per annum
投资回报率 rate of return on investment
外贸进出口总额 total foreign trade value
实际利用外资 incoming overseas capital (investment) in place
消费价格指数 consumer price index (CPI)
零售价格指数 retail price index (RPI)
生活费用价格总指数 total price index of living cost
生活费用 income available for living expenses
扣除物价因素 in real terms / on inflation-adjusted basis
居民储蓄存款 residents’ bank savings deposit
Problems
片面追求发展速度 excessive pursuit of growth
泡沫经济 bubble economy
经济过热 overheating of economy
通货膨胀 inflation
市场风险 market risk
经济不景气 economic slump
经济衰退 economic recession
Problem solving
互助基金 mutual fund
扩大内需 expand domestic demand
改善居民心理预期 inspire the general public's confidence in the future needs
鼓励增加即期消费 encourage more immediate consumption
经济规律 laws of economics
市场调节 market regulation
优化资源配置 optimize allocation of resources
收紧银根 tighten up monetary policy
适度从紧的财政政策 moderately tight fiscal policy
信用紧缩 credit crunch
加强国有商业银行内部资金调度 In state commercial banks, internal capital allocation should be improved.
合理划分贷款审批权限 Limits of authority for examining and approving loans should be rationally defined.
保证有市场、有效益、守信用企业的流动资金贷款 ensure floating capital loans for well-performing and trustworthy enterprises which turn out the right products for the right markets
支持国有大型企业和高新技术企业上市融资 support large state-owned enterprises and high and innovative technology companies in their efforts to seek financing by listing on the stock market
Useful expressions
1.中国现代化建设分三步走的战略.
China adopts the three-step development strategy in its modernization drive
2.第一步，到1990年国民生产总值比1980年翻一番 .
Step One: GDP of 1990 doubles that of 1980.
第二步，到2000年人均国民生产总值比1980年翻两番，人民生活达到小康水平 .
Step Two: Per capita GNP of 2000 quadruples that of 1980; people live a fairly comfortable life.
第三步，到21世纪中期建国100周年时，达到中等发达国家水平 .
Step Three: By the year 2049, the 100th anniversary of the P.R.C., China’s level of development is expected to be on par with the mid-ranking developed countries.
3.中国巨大的市场潜力将逐步转化为现实的购买力 .
The huge market potential that China enjoys will be turned into tangible purchasing power.
4.外贸进出口增长迅猛，利用外资质量进一步提高。
Foreign trade increased rapidly and there was improvement in the utilization of foreign funds.
5.利用外资形势好转，外商投资项目比上年增长32.1%。
There were more favorable conditions for the utilization of foreign funds, the number of foreign-funded projects increased by 32.1% over the preceding year.
二、Economic construction and reform
General terms
生产关系 relations of production
生产力 productive forces
生产资料 means of production
生活资料 means of livelihood/subsistence
剩余劳动力 surplus labor
公有制 public ownership
社会主义集体所有制 socialist collective ownership
非公有成分 non-public sectors
第一产业 primary industry
第二产业 secondary industry
第三产业 tertiary industry
支柱产业 pillar industry
知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive industry
劳动密集型产业 labor-intensive industry
国民生产总值 GNP (Gross National Product)
国内生产总值 GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
人均国民生产总值 per capita GNP (Gross National Product)
人均国内生产总值 per capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product)
经营机制 operative mechanism
精华、精粹、实质 quintessence
举措 move
三资企业 foreign-funded enterprise
外商独资企业 wholly-owned foreign enterprise (WOFE)
中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture
中外合作企业 Sino-foreign cooperative business
国有企业 state-owned enterprise (SOE)
Measures
发挥市场的调节作用 to give play to the regulatory role of the market
改善经济环境 improve economic environment
搞活企业 invigorate/ revitalize/ rejuvenate enterprises
跟踪审计 follow-up auditing
工程监理制度 the monitoring system for projects
计划经济 planned economy
社会主义市场经济体制 socialist market economy
有中国特色的社会主义市场经济体制 socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics
计划经济和市场调节相结合的机制 a mechanism that combines planned economy and market regulation
家庭联产责任承包制 family-contract responsibility system
解放生产力 liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces
扩大国内需求 the expansion of domestic demand
拉动经济增长 fuel economic growth
厉行节约，反对浪费 to practice strict economy and combat waste
包工包料 contract for labor and materials
产品结构 product mix
产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing
实行债转股 carry out debt-to-equity swap
革新重组 realignment
深化流通体制改革 deepen the reform of the distribution system
西部大开发 the large-scale development strategy in west China
养老、失业、医疗保险金 old-age, unemployment and medical insurance premiums
以市场为导向 taking the market as the orientation
以质取胜 implement the strategy of success through quality
引入竞争机制 introduce competition mechanisms
优化结构 optimize structure
优化生产过程 optimize production processes
优化组合 optimization grouping/optional regrouping
优势互补 take advantage of each other’s strength
再就业工程 re-employment programs
再就业服务中心 re-employment service center
Basic structures
1. 改革是"社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展"。
Reform is "the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system."
2. 国家的根本任务是，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设
The basic task of the nation is to concentrate its efforts on socialist modernization.
3. 社会主义的最终目标是解放生产力，消灭剥削，消除贫富两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。 The ultimate goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor, and the final achievement of common prosperity.
4. 我们要逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家。
We should modernize the country's industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.
5. ‘十五’计划《纲要》指导方针: 要坚持把发展作为主题;坚持把结构调整作为主线;坚持把改革开放和科技进步作为动力;坚持把提高人民生活水平作为根本出发点;坚持把经济发展和社会发展结合起来。
The five guiding principles for the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (2001-2005) listed by Premier Zhu Rongji: Making development the central theme; concentrating on economic restructuring; making reform and opening up and technological progress the driving force for economic growth; making improvement of the people's living standards the prime goal; and coordinating economic development with social development.
6. 高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻‘三个代表’重要思想
hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of 'Three Represents’.
7. 坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，弘扬与时俱进的精神adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.