被动语态
语态是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系.语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态.
一、被动语态考点聚焦
(一)被动语态的概念:
不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态.强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略).
(二)被动语态的构成方式:
be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示.
(三)被动语态的基本用法:
(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题.
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化.看下列例句.
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to.
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉"尾巴".
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态, 只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词.
⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补.(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示.如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况.
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中.
②表示状态的谓语动词,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等.
③表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等.
④表示"希望、意图"的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等.
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态.
⑥宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态.
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock等.
(3)主动形式表被动意义.
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时;当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时;当动词表示"开始、结束、关、停、转、启动"等意义时.
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗.
These novels won't sell well.这些小说不畅销.
My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅.
The door won't lock.门锁不上.
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香.
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示"发生、关闭、制定"等意思时.
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义.
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义.
⑤在"be + 形容词 + to do"中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动.
This kind of water isn't fit to drink.
The girl isn't easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动.
(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况.
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上.
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后.
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态.如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)