3. 状语从句
所谓状语从句,是指用来说明主句行为(或状态)发生的时间、原因、条件、地点、目的、结果及方式等。
1) 时间状语从句:记住以下连接词的意思和重点:
(1)when / while / as (当…时侯)
注意:while除了做时间状语的连接词外,还解释为"虽然…","而…".
例如:He is very diligent, while she is very lazy. (他很勤奋,而她却很懒。)
(2)before (after) 在…之前(后)
(3)until / not until(直到)注意:not until放在句首时,往往要求倒装(详见"第七讲")
(4)as soon as / once (一…就…)
(5)immediately / instantly / directly 原本是副词,这里作连接词,表示"一…就…",
例如: I knew I had made a mistake directly (或用immediately / as soon as) I had done it. (刚做完这件事,我就知道我做错了。)
(6)the moment / each time / every time / next time / the first time / the instant / the year原本是名词或副词,这里作连接词用。
(7)hardly (scarcely)…when… / no sooner…than…"一…就…"
注意:这是时间状语考试的重点句型,一是不要把两个句型中的when和than的搭配搞错了,二是要用倒装语序(详见"第七讲")。
例如:
Hardly had I sat down when the telephone rang. (我刚坐下,电话铃就响了。)
重点:在时间(和条件)状语中,用一般时代替将来时。
例如:
We'll start as soon as the leader ______. ( 领导一来就开始。)
A.comes B.is coming C.will come D.came
根据英语"时态一致性"原则,主句与从句的时态应一致,答案似乎应该是B或C,但是正确答案是A,因为在时间状语中,用一般时代替将来时。将上句改为过去时,道理也一样:
He said (that) we would start as soon as the leader _____.
A.came B.was coming C.would come D.comes
答案应为A
2) 条件状语从句:分真实条件句和非真实条件句(虚拟语气)
重点:在条件(时间)状语中,用一般时代替将来时(可参见时间状语从句例子)
虚拟语气(见"第六讲")
主要连接词:
(1)if / unless (除非 = if not 如果不)
例如:
Children should not be taken into the room of a very sick person ______ there is some special reason for it.
A.except B. besides C. unless D.whereas
解题思路:根据上面说过的连接原则,这里必须是一个"连接词",而A,B都是介词,因此正确答案只能在C,D中选。"whereas"意为"而",故正确答案为C.(不应把儿童带到重病人房间,除非有某种特殊原因。)
(2)provided / on condition that (跟句子) (如果…)知道这也是连接词就可以了,一般说,当考题中出现这种词时,应倾向选择。
3) 原因状语从句:
主要连接词:because/ since / as
要点:不要把连接词 because与介词短语because of ( + 名词或-ing形式) 相混淆;
不要把表示原因的since与表示时间的since"自从…"相混淆;
不要把表示原因的as与表示时间的as"随着…"相混淆;
顺便提一下, because表示直接"因果关系",而since, as 是对事实的说明,主句和从句之间并不一定具有"因果关系".
例如:
As you are already 18 years old, you should know what to do and what not to do. (你已经18岁了,应该知道什么该干什么不该干。)
这个句子用because连接就不太合适。好在军队职称考试中并不要求作这种分辨。
…for 注意:一般只能放在主句后面,即主句 + for从句,例如:
He must have gone to bed, for it is too late. (他肯定已经睡了;现在已经很晚了。)—— 该句不能用because
now that / seeing that / considering that (由于…)
Seeing that this problem was settled, they proceeded to the next one.(鉴于这个问题已经解决,他们开始进行下一个问题。) n
…in that(在于…)一般放在主句后面,例如:
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages as a tool to communicate. (人比动物高等,因为人能以语言作为工具进行交际。)
4) 让步状语从句:
主要连接词:although (虽然)/ even if (though) (即使)/ while (尽管)后两个是考试的重点。no matter what… (= whatever无论…什么…) / no matter how… (=however, 无论怎样…) / whether…or not (不论…还是…)这是让步句考试的重点。
例如:
No matter what (或Whatever) may happen, we will not change our plan. (无论可能发生什么,我们决不改变计划。)
No matter how difficult (或However difficult) the journey may be, we will not change our plan. (不管路程有多难,我们决不改变计划。)
We should not worry her whether she is well or ill (或whether she is ill or not).(无论她身体好坏,我们都不应使她烦恼。)
注意:no matter what后面跟名词或名词性结构;no matter how后面跟形容词或副词,不要搞错;用了no matter what / no matter how就不能再用whatever / however.
5) 比较状语从句:
这是英语语法必考内容,要特别加以重视。
基本概念:两个比较级,三个或三个以上最高级。要对数字"2"特别敏感,试选择:
Of Mary and Jane, who is ______?
A. smart B.the smartest
C. more smarter D.the smarter
解题思路:很显然这是一道考形容词比较级的题目,从句子结构和选题A可以判断smart是个形容词原级,因此可以断定C的形式错了(重复比较,如不能说more happier 一样的道理)。B是最高级,但句中只有两个人Mary 和Jane,因此正确答案只能是D,这是一个较特殊的比较级句型,即the + 形容词比较级 + of (两个)。
比较级的主要句型:
(1) 原级比较:as +形容词或副词原级+ as, 否定式:not so (或as) +形容词或副词原级+ as
注意问题:as…as 之间的形容词或副词是否采用了原级;as…as 之间该用形容词还是副词;用as much as 还是用as many as
表示倍数时用下面结构, 如3倍:three times as …as…
例如:
The size of the island is about ______ that of this one.
A.three times as much as B.as three times much as
C.as three times greater than D.three times as big as
解题思路:B、C违反了上述句型规定,A、D的区别是size(大小 / 尺寸)是与much搭配还是与big搭配,D是对的。
(2) 比较级:more …than…
注意:
1) 比较形式是否正确,如是否有类似"more better"这样重复比较的错误;
2)两者之间是比较级,三者以上是最高级,看看是"两者"还是"三者或三者以上;
3)只有同类的人或物才能比较(可比性);比较不能包括"自己", 常用other表示排除。
例如不能说:
He is taller than any students in this class.
而应说:
He is taller than any other student(s) in this class.
4)修饰比较级的词有:much, even, far, by far, still, a lot, a bit 等,例如:
John did badly in the sports meet. I did even worse (than John did).
你能看出下句的问题吗?
His salary as a bus driver is more higher than a teacher. ( 他是个公共汽车司机,他的工资要比教师高。)
该句有两个大错1)high的比较级为higher,2)主语his salary(他的工资)而比较对象是a teacher,两者不可比,怎样的表达才是对的呢?请选择:
His salary as a bus driver is much higher ______.
A.in comparison with a teacher B.than a teacher
C.than a teacher's D.than that of a teacher's
正确答案是C,也可以写成than that of a teacher(请联系名词格的概念想一想)
最高级the most of +比较范围 / 最高级+名词+that (不是which)定语从句,例如:
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. (这是我看过的最有趣的电影。)
the more…the more…
The longer you wear glasses, the more you depend on them. (眼镜戴的时间越长越有依赖性。)
考试时,一般只要认准"the" 和比较级形式就不难判别。
其他表示比较意思的形式
A is superior / inferior to B(A 比B高级 / 低级)
注意:superior/ inferior前不能再加 more 或者less; 用to不是用 than.
例如:
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages to communicate.(人比动物高级在于人能用语言进行交际。)
prefer… rather than (宁可…而不…)
例如:
I preferred to stay out in the cold rather than spend the night there. (我宁可呆在外面受冷,也不在那儿过夜。)
Would rather…than… ……(用法和意思与上句型差不多)
6) 地点状语从句:
主要连接词:where / wherever / everywhere
注意地点状语从句中where与定语从句中关系副词where的区别与联系:
Put the book where it is. (把书放好,即"把书放在该放的地方。)
Put the book in the place where it is.
以上两个句子的意思是一样的,第一个句子是"地点状语从句",第二个句子是"定语从句"(详见"第四讲"),where作关系副词修饰the place
7) 方式状语从句:
as按时(正如…/ 就象…)
Air is to man as water is to fish.
要点:不要把as 与like 混淆,like是介词,不是连接词, 如不能说:All plants need air like they need water,应为:All plants need air as they need water. (所有的植物需要空气,正如他们需要水一样。)
as if / as though(好象…)可以是真实的,也可以是"虚拟"的,如:
The meat tastes as if (though) it has already gone bad.(这肉吃起来好象变质了。—— 确实坏了)
He speaks English as though (if) he were an Englishman. (他说起英语来好象英国人。—— 他不是英国人,动词用的是were)
8)目的 / 结果状语从句
目的状语从句:
so that / in order that
lest / for fear that (惟恐… / 一以免…) 注意:该句型一般使用"should型"虚拟式(见"第六讲")
结果状语从句:
so…that / such…that…/ so that / that / so
The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him. (这位教授讲话很快,我们感到很难理解他讲话的意思。要点:so + 形容词或副词)
He give me such good advice that I finished the task smoothly. (他给了我很好的建议,因此我顺利地完成了任务。要点:such + 名词)
The film was such that everyone was deeply moved. (这部电影如此精彩,每个观众都被深深打动了。要点:such在这里做代词,可以理解为:The film is such a good film that…)
顺便提一下,"…,only to do…" 虽不属于从句,但是是一个重要的表 (意想不到的) 结果的句型,请记住, 例如:
For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told to return the next day. (为这个决定我们几乎等了三个小时,可结果被告知第二天返回。)
从考试角度看,状语从句的重点是:时间、原因、条件、让步和比较
注:如前所述,本讲座不是经典语法书,有些讲法从广义上说是不完整的,甚至是不确切的,如:"逗号","不能连接两个句子"的提法,但这些概念对于理解英语的某些语法现象,特别是解题是实用的。"相信我,没错的"。