2011年职称英语常用语法详解第七讲:倒装

来源:微学网发布时间:2011-05-03

  1.倒装:
  英语的一般语序为:主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语(或表语) + (状语等附加成分)。有时为了语法上或修辞上的需要而改变这种语序,如将谓语动词放到主语的前面,就称为倒装。因语法需要的倒装称为"语法倒装",例如英语中的疑问句多采用倒装形式,如Are you a doctor or an engineer? 因修辞需要,如为了强调、句子结构均衡或承上启下等目的倒装,称为"修辞性倒装",例如On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house. (山顶上有一座漂亮的小屋。)。
  就应试而言,以下倒装现象应给予特别注意(按考试中出现的频率高低顺序排列):
  1) not, not until, never, no, no sooner, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, few 等 否定词开头的句子,比较:
  例1
  正常语序:I shall never forget the first days at college.
  倒装语序:Never shall I forget the first days at college.
  (我永远不会忘记初上大学的那些日子)
  例2
  正常语序:I did not have any idea what market economy is until recently.
  倒装语序:Not until recently did I have any idea what market economy is.
  (直到最近我才知道什么叫市场经济。)
  以上两个句子采用倒装语序的主要目的是为了强调。
  在这一节中,要特别注意以下三个倒装句型:
  not until… ,见以上例2
  no sooner …than…, 例如:
  No sooner had she finished reading the poem than the students began to ask her questions.
  (她刚念完这首诗,学生们就开始向她提问题了。)
  hardly …when …,与 no sooner … than…句型的意思和用法相同,就是不要把搭配搞错了,既:
  Hardly had she finished reading the poem when the students began to ask her questions.
  2)介词 + no否定词开头的句子, 比较:
  正常语序:I shall not do anything against the interests of the country under any circumstances.(不管在什么情况下,我决不做有损国家利益的事情。)
  倒装语序:Under no circumstances shall I do anything against the interests of the country.
  3) only, so/such (…that…),often 等词开头的句子,比较: 4)
  正常语序:We can learn a foreign language well only in this way.
  倒装语序:Only in this way can we learn a foreign language well.
  (只有这样我们才能学好一门外语。)
  正常语序:The stain was so small that I could hardly see it.
  倒装语序:So small was the stain that I could hardly see it.
  (污迹很小,几乎看不出来。)
  从以上的举例可以归纳出:
  如果以上的词(组)本来就是修饰或说明主语的,不存在倒装问题,例如:
  Not all scientists accept his new theory about the origin of the Universe.
  (不是所有科学家都接受他的有关宇宙起源的新理论的。)
  怎么倒装?采用一般疑问句的倒装规则。
  应试思路:
  倒装句一般都比较长,表达的意思相对比较复杂,这给英语基础比较差的考生带来理解上的一定困难。为了提高应试效率,要牢牢把握好以下应试思路:
  见到not等否定词,或only, so, often, 或"介词 + no…"开头的句子,首先要考虑是否倒装;
  看看答案中哪个采用了倒装形式(不要管是什么意思);
  如果答案中有几个倒装形式,比较一下时态、语态或其他细微差别。
  例如:
  Not since the great growth years of the snowmobile ______ as much as the latest entry of all terrain vehicle.
  A. did a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
  B. a sport vehicle had caught the public's fancy
  C.has a sport vehicle caught the public's fancy
  D.will a sport vehicle catch the public's fancy
  要正确翻译这个句子并不是件容易的事,但并不影响解题:
  首先,这是个"not"开头的句子,需要倒装;
  第二,在A、A、C、D四个答案中,B是唯一不倒装的,肯定不对;
  第三,尽管A、C、D都是倒装形式,但由于是"not since",要用现在完成时,故正确答案是C.
  从以上例子可以看出,就语法考试而言,牢记基本规则,把握正确解题思路有时比多认识几个英语单词更重要。
  其他需注意的倒装现象:
  4) here, there, back, down, off, in, up等表示地点状语的词开头的句子,例如:
  Here comes a taxi! (来了辆出租车!)
  There goes the last bus!(末班公共汽车开走了!)
  Down came the rain.(下雨了。)
  但是:主语是代词时不倒装,例如:
  Here it comes. (它来了。)
  There she goes.(她走了。)
  5) 主语 + live, stand, lie, sit 等动词 + (介词)地点状语 的结构中常采用倒装语序,例如:
  正常语序:An old temple stands at the top of the hill.
  倒装语序:At the top of the hill stands an old temple. (山顶上有座古庙。)
  同样,如果主语是代词,也不能倒装,例如:
  (The old temple was built 800 hundred years ago. ) It stands at the top of the hill.
  6) although 让步从句用as或 though代替时,例如:
  正常语序:Although he is young, he is quite expert in computer technology.
  倒装语序:Young as he is, he is quite expert in computer technology.
  (尽管他很年轻,但是他对计算机技术相当专业。)
  4)、5)、6)类倒装只是简单的语序调整。